Integrating business and technology strategies in developing countries

In the present era of deregulation, privatization and increasing global market competition, most industrialists in developing countries have come to the realization that better technology is needed for the survival of both public and private sector enterprises. Therefore, they acknowledge that technological considerations must be properly incorporated into overall business strategies. However, in the absence of an established theory and due to lack of relevant data, they face enormous difficulties. This paper describes a simple framework for integrating business and technology strategies, particularly in the context of developing countries. Possible strategic mixes are identified by considering four commonly practiced business strategies, namely: price, value, niche and image leadership; and four evolving technology strategies, namely: technology leader, follower, exploiter and extender. Necessary considerations for technological capability development and technology strategy progression path are also discussed for different enterprise situations and development conditions.     

技术多元化、创新开放度与企业绩效 ——来自我国制造业上市公司的证据

从理论上分析技术多元化对企业绩效的影响，着重探讨创新开放度在其中发挥的作用，并利用沪深两市高技术上市公司2004-2018年面板数据进行实证分析。研究表明，技术多元化与企业绩效间呈现倒“U”型关系，技术多元化水平上升对企业绩效的影响在创新开放程度较高环境中被进一步放大。据估算，企业创新开放度每提高10%，技术多元化程度上升对企业绩效的影响将增加0.011个百分点。此外，企业技术多元化战略经营绩效提升作用具有明显的技术密集属性和行业产权结构属性差异，高技术密集型企业技术多元化水平每提高1%，企业经营绩效水平将实现高达0.052 4%的攀升幅度，且低国有化企业实施技术多元化战略的效果明显优于高国有化企业。     

环境技术转移的最优社会福利选择——以发展中国家为视角

本文以发展中国家为视角,构建一个基本的双寡头Cournot模型,来分析环境技术从发达国家转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家商品生产和社会福利产生的影响.本文认为环境技术从发达国家无偿转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家社会福利的影响具有不确定性.通过引入福利函数并求解最优的社会福利,发现对发展中国家而言,最优的社会福利选择是:当国内企业生产成本等于国外企业生产成本与环境技术的产量溢出之差时,环境技术的完全转移才是发展中国家的最优社会福利选择.并据此推导出社会福利最优的环境技术转移路径.     

A new definition and framework for the development of a national technology strategy: The case of nanotechnology for Iran

In this research, we use the concepts of “national technology policy” as well as the “firm technology strategy” in defining a new definition for “national technology strategy”. Then, by examining several national technology strategies in a variety of fields in different countries the national nanotechnology strategy for Iran is developed. Furthermore, using capability-effectiveness matrix and SWOT analysis we identify strategies of nanotechnology development in Iran. Finally, considering other countries' strategies and the results of PROMETHEE Method, we prioritize different areas of nanotechnology for Iranian economy, and test for the validity of the extracted strategies.     

技术模仿、技术创新的战略选择模型和经济增长

一国技术水平程度的高低在很大程度上影响和决定了该国经济发展的水平和经济增长的速度,技术水平提高的途径主要有两种:技术模仿和技术创新.但技术创新并不只是发达国家的"专利",技术创新除了与人均资本存量和人均人力资本水平有关外,也与总体的人均资本存量和人力资本水平有关.本文将国家技术发展战略分为四类,并给出了各种不同技术发展战略的情景条件.     

美国全球科技创新计划的实施成效及启示

美国国务院于2011年启动了全球科技创新计划,利用创业训练营、创新创业大赛、投资者培训、孵化器项目、创新中心、在线帮助平台及学员网络等手段,开展“科技外交”,搭建与发展中国家和新兴经济体间科技交流的桥梁。本文对全球科技创新计划发起的背景和实施等进行了系统分析研究,评价了其实施成效,并从深化科技外交、全面融入全球创新网络、优化项目管理流程及科学适度宣传四个方面提出了对我国与发展中国家特别是与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作的启示。     

Business groups,the financial market and modernization*

Business groups are an important aspect of the industrial organization of many developing countries. This paper develops a theory suggesting that they may be organizations that facilitate modernization in the presence of financial market constraints. An important function of the stockmarket is the diversification of risk that comes with specialized, productive technology. But in the face of serious information problems a well functioning stockmarket may fail to emerge, relegating the economy to a low productivity‐poverty trap. Bilateral links between a firm and a group of others may be a more cost effective way to achieve risk‐sharing. Such business groups may be feasible when a full‐fledged stockmarket is not. As modernization takes place, either because information problems become less severe or more firms enter the economy, business groups actually expand in size before being abruptly rendered obsolete by the stockmarket. This is consistent with empirical results from a number of emerging economies.     

What matters in technology leakage in small and medium enterprises: the case of Korea

Technology leakage in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is a critical issue because while the number of main technologies in SMEs is small, these technologies are crucial to their survival. Related factors must be identified to prevent technology leakage from SMEs. In this paper, we use logistic regression to find significant factors in Korean SMEs, focusing on three aspects: characteristics of the technology, prevention strategy, and firm’s R&D characteristics. We use a survey conducted by related national institutions. According to the results of our empirical study, interaction effects among the factors of technology characteristics have highly significant effects on technology leakage. In particular, the interaction effect between the time needed to imitate the technology and the stage of business growth appears to have the highest influence on technology leakage. Based on our results, detailed strategies for preventing technology leakage are inferred in order to help SMEs prioritise their resources.     

基于多重制度逻辑的国际技术转移新态势探析

国际技术转移是创新要素在国家间流动的重要方式，事关国家创新发展与安全。有别于一般市场交易活动，国际技术转移受各类制度因素的影响更为显著。基于制度逻辑，从国家竞争、科技发展、社会进步和市场主体方面构建国际技术转移多维分析框架，发现国际技术转移呈现出一些新特征：越来越受国际政治与经济局势影响，国家安全成为影响国际技术转移的重要因素；各类国际科技竞争使国际技术转移复杂化，而科技合作则有效促进国际技术转移；气候、能源和健康领域的技术转移受到广泛关注；产业升级给国际技术转移带来新需求。进一步分析我国国际技术转移的制度进展，以期为我国更好地开展国际技术转移活动提供有益参考。     

Technological collaboration: problems and pitfalls

There is an increasing trend for interconnections between all nations of the world owing to the widespread globalization of industrial production, inputs sourcing and outputs marketing. A further reason is the raised awareness of global consequences, resulting from natural resources depletion and apparently localized environmental degradation activities by industries. Much of this ever-growing and complex interdependence has been possible as a result of a host of unprecedented technologial achievements in the past few deades, which have enabled industrial enterprises in developed countries to accomplish an increased degree of flexibility, through automated manufacturing, to combine economies of sale, through process standardization, with economies of scope, through product differentiation, and to acheive quicker response times to customers7apos; prefernces and market demands. Simultaneously, in most developing countries, there is also an observable undercurrent of deregulation, privatization or corporatization, and open international market competition for industrial development. In this present era of new internationalism, technology management has become one of the main strategic priorities, because it provides the vital factor underpinning the survival and prosperity of industrial enterprises everywhere. Hence, given the recognition that the key competitive advantage in the international market-place nowadays is the ability of an enterprise continuously to introduce technological innovations faster than others, the need for endogenous technology capacity building can hardly be overmphasized. This paper presents a general framework for the development of a set of technology indicators which could be useful for assesing industrial investment projects funded by an international or national development finance institutino. The framework attempts to integrate business and technology strategies particularly in the context of developing countries. Starting with consideration of the unique characteristics of technolgoy at the firm level, and using a systems analysis approach to the market structure, possible strategic mixed are determined by considering four business stratetgies—price, value, niche and green leadership—and four technology strategies—technology leader, follower, exploiter and extender. The necessary considerations for a technological capability enhancement and palusible technology strategy rogression path are also discussed for different development conditions. The analytical measures presented in this paper are focused on such important aspects as the degree of technology component sophistication, the level of technology capability advancement, the status of technology infrasturcture building, and the dynamism of technology climate, all of which could be used for investment project review and appraisal undertaken by iunternational and national development finance institutions.     

适用于发展中国家的创新范式:开放式颠覆创新理论框架

制造型企业的发展关系着国民经济的稳定与繁荣。中国制造型企业通过创新探索与实践,初步实现了关键技术与核心产品国产化,在技术创新过程中,自然会重点关注突破性创新方法。通过阐述突破性创新特征,说明其在发展中国家使用时遇到的障碍,并通过文献和案例研究讨论了一种新的技术创新策略——开放式颠覆创新。这一方法有助于企业成功获得创新性产品或服务,借助基于核心能力的技术和业务多元化战略适应市场变化,通过持续性创新保持企业竞争优势。开放式颠覆创新不仅是对中国企业30多年来创新实践的理论提炼,也是适用于其它发展中国家的创新新范式。     

Linking technology intelligence to open innovation

The explosive growth of the Internet has led to a dramatic increase in data sources for (competitive) technology intelligence. Appropriate implementation and use of IT tools to gather and analyze these data is of key importance for the creation of actionable technology intelligence. A strategy to optimize investments in the identified technologies becomes of paramount importance if an organization wants to match knowledge and ideas originating from outside of the organization with internal core competences. Such a strategy can create competitive advantage by effectively linking technology intelligence to open innovation.We show how VIB, a life sciences research organization, has established technology intelligence processes to identify a multitude of external technologies of interest, which are subsequently “probed” for their potential and fit with VIB using real options reasoning, thereby supporting open innovation. Our methodology may be useful for other organizations which are considering implementing open innovation approaches.     

Technology policies and strategies for developing countries: lessons from the Korean experience

Industrial developement is a process of acquiring technological capabilities in the course of continuous technological change. Korea has made phenomenal growth in accumulating technological capabilities in the past 30 years. Despite is current financial crisis, it has a strong technological base to expand the modern sectors efficiently. This paper presents two analytical frameworks-technology trajectory framework and technology policy/strategy framework-which may be used as tools to analyze technology policies and strategies in developing countries. It then discusses implications of the Korean experience for other developing countires.     

中美新科技创新政策比较

2006年几乎在同一时间,中美两国分别发布了《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》和《美国竞争力计划》,研究在未来的探索、发明及创新上的国家科技发展的新政策,以及为此而提出的变革构想及发展路径。通过考察两国新政策的制定背景和主要内容,比较分析各自特点,提出我国未来科技创新政策应当注意的问题。     

知识产权保护、技术差距与发展中国家的技术进步

本文基于南北技术扩散的分析框架探讨了发展中国家的知识产权保护、技术差距对发展中国家技术进步的影响.不同于以往研究,本文假定发展中国家同时进行自主创新和国外先进技术模仿,其知识产权保护在鼓励自主创新和国外技术模仿的两难中权衡取舍.理论分析结果显示发展中国家的知识产权保护、技术差距都对其技术进步都有重要影响.实证检验结果表明,我国当前的技术进步主要依赖于对国外先进技术的模仿,自主创新的技术进步效应不显著.因此现阶段鼓励国外技术模仿的宽松的知识产权保护政策有利于促进我国的技术进步,但随着我国与发达国家的技术差距不断缩小,自主创新能力不断提升,实行严格的知识产权保护将会有利于促进我国的技术进步.     

Characteristics of technology transfer in business ventures: the case of Daejeon, Korea

This article explores the characteristics of venture business and entrepreneurs in Korea to (1) identify technology transfer activities, (2) analyze the differences between technology transfer in linear and nonlinear venture businesses, and (3) guide more effective venture business policy and strategy. This empirical assessment reveals that entrepreneurs have insightful evaluations about their resources and capacities as well as expectations with regard to functions and features of science parks and incubators. Respondents from “linear model”-based start-ups tend to be older and have higher education, employ more basic research and development (R&D) and have more R&D-oriented careers, and have more varied work experience than “nonlinear”-based start-ups. The functions and features of science parks and incubators were generally not considered a critical influence on start-ups nor on the growth of venture businesses. Accordingly, alternative venture-nurturing strategies are discussed as being key to accelerate venture businesses growth.     

发展中国家国际技术转移模式的分类及评价

技术转移模式的选择对发展中国家国际技术转移的成效有重要影响.以是否以市场为媒介,是否将技术作为直接的转移目标作为分类标准,发展中国家的技术转移模式可以分为以市场为媒介的正式的技术转移模式和非市场媒介的非正式的技术转移模式.不同的技术转移模式适用于不同技术的转移,包含着不同的技术学习方式.随着技术的发展,非市场媒介的非正式的技术转移模式正表现出优势.     

新一代信息技术企业并购技术差距、融资约束与业务转型研究

以2013—2017年沪深A股新一代信息技术上市公司520起技术并购事件为样本，在检验并购双方技术差距与业务转型程度、业务转型策略关系的基础上，进一步研究并购方融资约束水平对以上关系的调节作用。结果发现：并购双方技术差距对并购方业务转型程度有正向影响；双方技术差距对并购方业务转型决策倾向程度从大到小为分步转型、延迟转型和直接转型；融资约束对技术差距与业务转型程度关系具有负向调节作用；融资约束对技术差距与业务转型决策倾向程度的关系具有正向调节作用，即在低融资约束水平下，并购方转型决策倾向程度从大到小为直接转型、延迟转型和分步转型。     

The globalisation of technology and its implications for developing countries: Windows of opportunity or further burden?

On the basis of a categorisation of ways in which the generated knowledge is transmitted, this paper explores the impact of the different forms of the globalisation of technology on developing countries. Through travelling, media, scientific and technical workshops, Internet and many other communication channels, globalisation allows the transmission of knowledge at a much greater pace than in the past. However, this does not automatically imply that developing countries succeed to benefit from technological advances. On the contrary, this will strongly rely on the nature of the technology and of the policies implemented in both advanced and developing countries.     

Project evaluation framework for industrial technology capacity enhancement

There is an increasing trend for interconnections between all nations of the world owing to the widespread globalization of industrial production, inputs sourcing and outputs marketing. A further reason is the raised awareness of global consequences, resulting from natural resources depletion and apparently localized environmental degradation activities by industries. Much of this ever-growing and complex interdependence has been possible as a result of a host of unprecedented technologial achievements in the past few deades, which have enabled industrial enterprises in developed countries to accomplish an increased degree of flexibility, through automated manufacturing, to combine economies of sale, through process standardization, with economies of scope, through product differentiation, and to acheive quicker response times to customers7apos; prefernces and market demands. Simultaneously, in most developing countries, there is also an observable undercurrent of deregulation, privatization or corporatization, and open international market competition for industrial development. In this present era of new internationalism, technology management has become one of the main strategic priorities, because it provides the vital factor underpinning the survival and prosperity of industrial enterprises everywhere. Hence, given the recognition that the key competitive advantage in the international market-place nowadays is the ability of an enterprise continuously to introduce technological innovations faster than others, the need for endogenous technology capacity building can hardly be overmphasized. This paper presents a general framework for the development of a set of technology indicators which could be useful for assesing industrial investment projects funded by an international or national development finance institutino. The framework attempts to integrate business and technology strategies particularly in the context of developing countries. Starting with consideration of the unique characteristics of technolgoy at the firm level, and using a systems analysis approach to the market structure, possible strategic mixed are determined by considering four business stratetgies—price, value, niche and green leadership—and four technology strategies—technology leader, follower, exploiter and extender. The necessary considerations for a technological capability enhancement and palusible technology strategy rogression path are also discussed for different development conditions. The analytical measures presented in this paper are focused on such important aspects as the degree of technology component sophistication, the level of technology capability advancement, the status of technology infrasturcture building, and the dynamism of technology climate, all of which could be used for investment project review and appraisal undertaken by iunternational and national development finance institutions.