保险公司偿付能力风险信息对称性与市场供求

保险公司偿付能力充足性是保险监管的内容之一,但是这一信息却往往不被投保人所获知,造成保险供给(保险公司)和保险需求(投保人)两方信息的不对称.本文以保险公司存在偿付能力风险为基本假定,以累积性预期理论和风险调整资本收益率构建保险需求和供给模型,分析在信息对称条件下和信息不对称条件下保险需求的变化及其对保险供给和保险公司...     

"助推器"还是"稳定器":保险业对经济产出作用的经验证据

现存理论与已有实证结论就"我国保险业对经济产出发挥的作用及程度"问题尚未达成统一共识.本文运用1999年～2009年保险市场以及GDP的相关季度数据,使用向量误差修正模型(VECM)论证我国保险业对经济产出的现实作用.研究结果表明,近十年来,中国保险业主要发挥的是抑制经济波动的"稳定器"作用,而对经济增长的"助推器"作...     

Versicherungsinformatik — eine versicherungswissenschaftliche Fachdisziplin

What is insurance information technology?Insurance information technology describes all processes involved in the development, supply and processing of IT services for the insurance industry.Is there a need for a theoretical insurance information technology?A knowledge of information technology and specialist knowledge relating to insurance must be — or must become — an integral component of information technology for the insurance industry. To reach this objective not only in practice but also in theory, for the conception of multidisciplinary and cross-company models and theories, a theoretical, academic approach to insurance information technology is required.Is insurance information technology a part of insurance theory?Insurance information technology deals with the real phenomenon of ?insurance“ and aims to complete the extensive development of the theory. An ?insurance theory“ would be incomplete without the theoretical contributions of insurance information technology.     

On the application of finance theory to the insurance firm

The primary argument set forth in this article is that the theory of finance can and should be rigorously applied to the study of the insurance firm. In order to illustrate this point, we turn our attention to the insurance solvency literature, where the implications of default risk for insurance company decision-making and regulatory policy are widely discussed but not nearly as widely understood. Rather than treat the probability of ruin as an exogenous constraint that is arbitrarily imposed by regulators, the approach taken here is to endogenize the probability of ruin with respect to a complex contracting process undertaken by a variety of self-interested claim holders. This treatment enables us to evaluate regulatory constraints such as minimum capital requirements within a rigorous theoretical framework. Our analysis suggests that even in an unregulated market, insurers would voluntarily limit their premium-capital ratios in an effort to economize on contracting costs. Furthermore, mutual insurers are likely,ceteris paribus, to employ less leverage than insurers organized as stock corporations.     

Umwelthaftungs-Richtlinie 2004/35 EG (UH-RL) – Deckungsvorsorge obligatorisch?

As far as the invironmental liability guideline stipulates precautions by insurance cover, in its report scheduled for 2010 the Commission should leave the decision to the participants to provide adequate insurance cover. For a compulsary insurance there is no regulation need, as an active competition already exists. A state monopoly insurer would not be able to supervise more sufficiently damage precaution and prevention than any privately organised insurer and would be less able to ensure enevitable development and reasearch guarantee due to emptybudgets. A compulsary insurance would run contrary personal responsibility and own initiative of the damage causer.     

Reciprocal reinsurance treaties seen as a two-person co-operative game

Abstract

1.1. In 1930 Professor Cramer wrote: “The object of the theory of risk is to give a mathematical analysis of the random fluctuations in an insurance business, and to discuss the various means of protection against their inconvenient effects” ([6], page 7). This definition has obviously been adequate, since Cramer still subscribes to it when 25 years later he makes a comprehensive survey of the subject [7]. However, the mild complaint Cramer made in 1930 that “practical insurance business has hitherto made little or no application of the results offered by the mathematical theory of risk” still has some validity. The very impressive results achieved by the mathematical theory of risk during the last thirty years have certainly found practical applications, but not so many as one would expect, considering that the theory proposes to analyse the very foundations of the insurance business.     

Public Versus Private Insurance with Dual Theory: A Political Economy Argument

This paper analyzes the political support for public insurance in the presence of a private insurance alternative. The public insurance is compulsory and offers a uniform insurance policy. The private insurance is voluntary and can offer different insurance policies. Adopting Yaari's [Econometrica, 55, 95–115, 1987] dual theory to expected utility (i.e., risk aversion without diminishing marginal utility of income), we show that adverse selection on the private insurance market may lead a majority of individuals to prefer public insurance over private insurance, even if the median risk is below the average risk (so that the median actually subsidizes high-risk individuals). We also show that risk aversion makes public insurance more attractive and that the dual theory is less favourable to a mixed insurance system than the expected utility framework. Lastly, we demonstrate how the use of genetic tests may threaten the political viability of public insurance.     

AT THE CROSSROADS: THE LIFE INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND FINANCIAL SERVICES REFORM

Abstract: In September of 1996, The Board of Directors of the American Council of Life Insurance ("ACLI")reversed decades of policy and embraced for the first time the concept of reciprocal ownership or "affiliations" between life insurance companies and commercial banks. Under this new policy mandate, the ACLI is advocating federal legislation that would permit banks to sell all types of insurance and control insurance underwriters through separate affiliates or subsidiaries. In return, 1) insurers would have the authority to acquire banks; 2) the insurance activities of banks would be fully subject to state insurance regulation; and 3) federal bank regulators would be precluded from preempting state regulatory authority.
This article reviews the various factors that precipitated this watershed policy decision, discusses the structural and regulatory issues that are important to life insurers, and speculates briefly on the prospects for financial services legislation.     

Strategic Price Discrimination in Compulsory Insurance Markets

This paper considers price discrimination when competing firms do not observe a customer’s type but only some other variable correlated to it. This is a typical situation in many insurance markets—such as motor insurance—where it is also often the case that insurance is compulsory. We characterise the equilibria and their welfare properties under various price regimes. We show that discrimination based on immutable characteristics such as gender is a dominant strategy, either when firms offer policies at a fixed price or when they charge according to some consumption variable that is correlated to costs. In the latter case, gender discrimination can be an outcome of strategic interaction alone in situations where it would not be adopted by a monopolist. Strategic price discrimination may also increase cross subsidies between types, contrary to expectations.JEL Classification No.: L13, G22     

国外车险里程定价理论与实践

基于里程定价的车险产品不但可以通过合理反映被保险人的保险成本以体现保费收取的公平性,而且一定程度上具有有效缓解交通堵塞、降低能源消耗、减少环境污染和温室气体排放等综合社会效益,目前已成为欧美发达国家车险市场上一款流行的产品。在系统梳理和总结国外车险按里程定价的理论与实践的基础上,对其进行了效益分析,并对实施中可能存在的问题进行了深入探讨,将为我国车险市场改革和产品结构升级提供启示,也为我国财险公司开发按里程定价的车险产品提供有益的理论支持和实践参考,以更加有利于我国车险费率市场化和非寿险公司的科学经营。     

Insurance, Bond Covenants, and Under- or Over-investment With Risky Asset Reconstitution

Traditional theory predicts that the shareholders of a limited liability company financed partly by bonds may underinvest by not replacing damaged company assets. It also precludes the possibility of overinvestment. By relaxing the restrictive assumption maintained under traditional theory, namely, that the effects of reconstituting damaged assets are nonstochastic, this article shows that both over and underinvestment are possible. It is shown that these moral hazard problems can be mitigated by incorporating appropriate insurance requirements into bond covenants. Moreover, it is shown that the insurance requirements for alleviating underinvestment and overinvestment are quite different. Particularly, for underinvestment, the required insurance only needs to make the bonds riskless in the best asset reconstitution states of the loss states in which the company value falls short of the promised bond repayment; however, for overinvestment, the required insurance should make the bonds totally riskless. The difference in insurance requirements is especially important when insurance is actuarially unfavorable such that more‐than‐required insurance is always undesirable.     

我国生猪保险现状分析

近年来,针对我国生猪市场出现的价格剧烈波动的情况,政府于2007年推出生猪保险措施。本文采取统计学方法,对主要生猪大省的生猪保险现状进行了深入的了解,参考各地的统计数据并结合生猪市场现状,运用供给—需求理论、成本—收益理论等方法,对生猪保险现状展开分析,得出养殖户面临的风险逐渐增大和生猪保险总量小、结构差异大、可操作性差、实施效率低、风险规避作用差、体系不完善以及养殖户对生猪保险认识不足的结论。同时,我们从制度、政策等方面提出了解决这些问题的方案。     

保险市场逆向选择与顺向选择共存研究

保险市场存在着逆向选择。经典逆向选择模型认为,风险高的人会购买更多的保险,但大多数实证研究表明保险市场还存在顺向选择。本文认为,逆向选择和顺向选择虽然对立,但共存于保险市场,在此基础上构建保险市场均衡模型,并进行了仿真研究。     

The psychological effects on tariff choices for car insurance

Insurance customers increasingly choose between conventional flat-rate car insurance tariffs and innovative usage-based car insurance tariffs such as a pay-per-mile tariff. Usage-based car insurance tariffs require traffic telematics. In this paper, we analyze the decision-making behavior of insurance customers concerning tariff choices as well as the psychological effects. In other service areas, it can be observed that customers often prefer a flat-rate tariff even if their billing rate would be lower on a pay-per-use tariff for a given amount of usage. In study?1, we show that the purchase intention of car insurance tariffs is influenced by psychological effects as well as the customer’s personal experience with the insurance provider and that it is higher for a flat-rate car insurance tariff compared to a pay-per-mile tariff. Customers who have had positive experiences with an insurance provider induce a higher purchase intention for car insurance than customers who have had no experience with an insurance provider. In study?2, we show that the probability of choosing a flat-rate car insurance tariff is higher with increasing monthly kilometers.     

On the Possibility of a Private Crop Insurance Market: A Spatial Statistics Approach

Risk theory tells us if an insurer can effectively pool a large number of individuals to reduce total risk, the insurer can then provide insurance by charging a premium close to the actuarially fair rate. However, a common belief exists that risk can be effectively pooled only when random loss is independent. Therefore crop insurance markets cannot survive without government subsidy because crop yields are not independent among growers. In this article, we take a spatial statistics approach to examine the effectiveness of risk pooling for crop insurance under correlation. We develop a method for evaluating the effectiveness of risk pooling under correlation and apply the method to three major crops in the United States: wheat, soybeans, and corn. The empirical study shows that yields for the three crops present zero or negative correlation when two counties are far apart, which complies with a weaker condition than independence, finite‐range positive dependency. The results show that effective risk pooling is possible and reveal a high possibility of a private crop insurance market in the United States.     

Corporate pension funding policy

What policy should a corporation adopt concerning the funding of a defined-benefit pension plan and the investment of the assets held in trust for the plan? Until recently, pension plans did not have to be insured, and some risk could be borne by intended beneficiaries. Federal legislation has now mandated such coverage. This paper analyzes corporate policy under three conditions which correspond, roughly, to the earlier situation (‘uninsure’ loans), the current situation (‘partially insured’ loans), and the situation required by law to be implemented in the future (‘completely insured’ plans). We show that if insurance premiums are set correctly, corporate policy in this area may not matter; otherwise the optimal policy may simply be that which maximizes the difference between the value of the insurance and its cost.     

农业保险市场利益相关者的博弈分析

本文运用博弈理论,分析了农业保险各主体——农民、保险公司、政府三者在不同风险情形下的行为对农业保险发展的影响,并据此提出切实可行的解决措施。     

Empirical Evidence for Advantageous Selection in the Commercial Fire Insurance Market

De Meza and Webb (2001) indicated that individuals with a higher degree of risk aversion would demand more insurance and invest in self-protection to reduce risk probability when both the preference type and investment in self-protection are hidden from insurers. They referred to the negative correlation between market insurance and risk type as advantageous selection. However, the relationship between risk type and the degree of risk aversion is debatable in both theoretical and empirical research. This paper therefore proposes that advantageous selection could be supported from another angle by directly examining the relationships that exist among market insurance, self-protection, and risk probability. By focusing on the commercial fire insurance market, information on the purchase of market insurance, investment in self-protection, and fire accident records is hand-collected by means of a unique survey. It is found that firms purchasing market insurance have a greater tendency to channel efforts into self-protection. It is also found that firms expending effort on self-protection are less likely to suffer a fire accident. Furthermore, it is found that firms with commercial fire insurance have less chance of suffering a fire accident than those without such insurance. Each of the above three findings jointly supports the view that advantageous selection could play a critical role in the commercial fire insurance market.     

Pflichthaftpflichtversicherung für Hersteller von Medizinprodukten – überfällig oder überflüssig?

Given actual legislative initiatives in the German Bundestag the question arises as to whether in the interest of patient safety-compulsory liability insurance for producers of medical devices should be implemented. At present, these proposals for reform are incompatible with the constitutionally-guaranteed principles of professional freedom and freedom of contract. Furthermore, it is questionable whether compulsory liability insurance would in fact improve the situation of patients taking into consideration the insurer’s status and possible release from obligation. Should compulsory liability insurance pass constitutional review due to new factual findings in the future, a direct claim against the liability insurer is not advisable. A possible victim compensation fund is not to be financed by the producers or their liability insurers.     

Industrieversicherung in der Türkei im Vergleich zu Deutschland

In conjunction with the rapidly advancing industrialization of Turkey, the segment of industrial insurance has also steadily gained in importance. People seeking cover for industrial risks situated in Turkey, however, face several rather significant constrictions. Whilst some of those may be circumvented at least partially, the Turkish situation raises the question of the need for legislative reform (possibly inspired by German law) in this area. Such would foster the development of more innovative and adequate insurance products by the Turkish insurance market.