The demand for energy in Canadian manufacturing: An example of the estimation of production structures with many inputs

A model is presented for the estimation of production structures with many inputs when aggregation into a small number of aggregate inputs is undesirable. The procedure utilized is one of two-stage optimization, valid under the assumption of homothetic separability. A unique feature is the use of duality theory to integrate the two stages through the generation in the first stage of an instrumental variable for the aggregate price index of the separable disaggregated factors. The conceptual model is then applied to an analysis of the demand for energy in Canadian manufacturing, in which six energy components are explicitly included in the set of factors of production.     

外资企业生产本地化程度的影响因素研究

提高外资企业生产本地化水平是东道国获取外资企业技术转移与扩散的重要途径,但外资企业生产本地化水平的提高却受到东道国区位优势、政策制度等因素的影响.通过采用我国2001年-2007年规模以上工业企业的数据以及对面板数据模型的分组,实证研究了各种因素对不同地区、不同类型、不同行业的外资企业生产本地化程度的影响及原因.得出的结论是:知识产权保护水平、对外资企业出口的强制性要求等因素对外资企业生产本地化具有正面影响;市场规模因素仅对市场占有型的外资企业生产本地化具有正面影响;市场化水平、贸易体制的对外开放水平、东部地理区位优势等因素对外资企业生产本地化具有负面影响或影响不显著,其原因可能是我国知识产权保护水平不高.     

A world trade model with bilateral trade based on comparative advantage

This paper describes an extension of Duchin's world trade model to include the explicit representation of transportation costs, permitting the endogenous determination of bilateral trade flows and region-specific prices. The original model is a linear program that, based on comparative advantage and the minimization of factor use, determines regional production and trade flows as well as world prices and scarcity rents for m regions, n good, and k factors. The new world trade model with bilateral trade achieves its objectives by introducing transportation services and geographically dependent transportation requirements for each traded good and each pair of potential trade partners. The formulation of this model and its major properties are presented, and results from a preliminary analysis with 11 regions, eight goods, four transportation sectors, and six factors of production are reported and compared with corresponding results from the world trade model. On the basis of this comparison, we conclude that transportation costs have little impact on a region's total imports or exports of a given commodity.     

Market linkages with fragmented production

I use a Ricardian model to analyze the transmission of technology shocks between countries when production processes are fragmented. The analysis emphasizes the role of three factors in determining how the gains from technical progress are shared between the innovating country and the rest of the world: the elasticity of substitution in consumption of final goods, the elasticity of substitution between intermediate and final production stages, and the pattern of production. In contrast to models with trade in final goods only, a high elasticity of substitution in consumption may be associated with losses for the innovating country when there is complete vertical specialization in production. I also examine the transmission of shocks in a three-country world where two countries are linked in a vertical production relationship.     

Business Services as a Production Factor

Based on the assumption that business services are influential production factors, an empirical analysis of the relation between business service inputs and production output in user sectors is carried out. Danish data from 52 manufacturing and service sectors covering the period 1970-95 are applied in the analysis. A sectoral dimension is introduced by dividing the 52 sectors into eight sectoral groupings and then allowing the slopes of the different variables included in the model to vary between the eight groups. The empirical analysis offers some support to the assumption that business services can have an effect comparable to traditional production factors, although this only applies to service sectors, and, partly, to low-knowledge manufacturing.     

Measurement of technical efficiency in farrow-to-finish swine production using multi-activity network data envelopment analysis: evidence from Taiwan

This study aims to propose a dynamic multi-activity network data development analysis (DMNDEA) model to measure the technical efficiency of farrow-to-finish swine production in Taiwan. Production phases are explicitly divided into two activities; namely, the breed-to-farrow phase and the wean-to-finish phase. By using this model, the problem of shared inputs and dynamic intermediates among activities that characterize pig production are taken into account in an integrated framework, simultaneously with the consideration of non-zero slack, allowing us to examine aspects of production in a more comprehensive and factual manner. For the empirical results based on sample data from 2006 to 2007, it is shown that the overall technical inefficiencies obtained from DMNDEA are not obviously different from those obtained using a traditional one-stage model. However, the DMNDEA results explicitly show us that the sources of inefficiency for each farm are different. Furthermore, second-stage bootstrapping regression results reveal that the determinants of efficiency for each production phase are not the same, indicating the need to identify the influential factors for each production phase separately.     

On the interpretation of cointegration in the linear–quadratic inventory model

The traditional formulation of the linear–quadratic inventory model with unit roots predicts cointegration between inventories and sales. That formulation implies that marginal production costs and the marginal benefits of inventories are both tending to ∞, and the cointegrating coefficient reflects the optimal trade-off between these competing factors. This paper suggests a reformulation of the problem in which marginal production costs and marginal inventory benefits are both stationary and in which the cointegrating coefficient is the same as the value that characterizes the target inventory level in the cost function.     

基于TOPSIS法的企业生产系统柔性综合评价研究

柔性是生产系统应付动态多变的市场需求的重要手段之一,对提高生产系统的适应性和稳定性至关重要。通过对企业生产系统柔性的影响因素分析,建立了企业生产系统柔性的综合评价模型。在求解过程中用熵技术来确定评价指标的权重,然后用逼近理想解的排序法(TOPSIS法)对数学模型求解,使得对企业生产系统柔性评价更科学、客观。     

The Brand Choice Model of Wine Consumers: A Multinomial Logit Model

The objective of this study is to determine factors influencing brand preferences of wine consumers in the Marmara region where viniculture and wine production is so important in Turkey. First, the consumers’ preferences survey has been conducted with 1022 persons in the region randomly selected and evaluated. Then, the informative factors influencing brand preferences collected in these surveys have been determined by the multinomial logit model. A lot of independent variables have been used in the multinomial logit model, but, because some independent variables were not found as significant according to Likelihood Ratio test, these variables are not included in the multinomial logit analysis. Six important factors influencing wine brand preferences have been determined. These factors are brand change causes of consumers, occupation of consumers, marital status of consumers, birthplace of consumers, income of consumers and gender of consumers. In addition, whether the wine brand preferences are independent, has been tested with Testing Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives of Hausman. According to this test, it has been found that the wine brand preferences are independent.     

企业生产物流计划模型

就钢铁企业生产物流管理的实际情况,应用企业生产物流管理和生产运作管理的技术和理论,提出了生产物流计划模型,同时对与模型相关要素的确定方法做了讨论及说明。     

Voting, bargaining, and factor income distribution

The effect of possible price control on factor income distribution under a democratic system is examined in the context of a collective bargaining model. A solution concept of the cooperative game theory called the Harsanyi-Shapley value is chosen to predict a likely outcome. The explicit solution for a non-atomic production economy, with two production factors and a fixed coefficient technology, is obtained. We find that this solution can be realized through prices. It is observed that in this solution, factor income shares respond to the ratio of the total endowments of two factors.     

4PL模式下基于时间资源调度的供应成本优化研究

订单时间是影响供应成本的主要因素,合理的进行时间资源调度更是供应成本优化的关键所在。现有的第四方物流(Fourth Party Logistics,4PL)路径优化研究只关注物流环节的时间和成本因素,没有与物流上一环节的整合。本文提出将4PL服务拓展到客户的生产环节,在供应商的生产时间窗约束下,构建模型得到生产时间与物流时间的最优组合方案使供应商供应成本最低。最后基于一个实例的分析,验证了该模型能有效帮助4PL为客户提供最优供应方案。     

Some Applications of Input–Output Analysis in a Gold Mine

In this paper, some applications of a mixed physical-financial input–output model for a large gold mine in China are described. This mixed input–output model is a basic part of the mine's decision-making system, called an interactive and hierarchical multi-objective feedback decision-making system of the gold mine's production and management. The model is used for the following: (1) to analyze quantitatively how the changes in the economic, technical and geological factors affect the mine's production and management; (2) to search for a series of bottleneck components in the mine when the capacities of some components of the mine change; (3) to optimize mine planning with the help of mathematical programming (linear programming, 0–1 programming) and computer simulation.     

油气配产问题的多目标规划模型及实证研究

在进行油气配产时,为了得到最优的配产计划,决策者往往需要考虑多个因素、多个目标,然而这些目标有的是不协调的,甚至是相互矛盾的。笔者根据石油企业油气配产的实际,提出了运用多目标规划的方法来解决该问题,建立了总资金投入量最小、总采油成本最低、总产量最大以及总利润最大的"多位一体"的多目标规划模型,并以D油田为例进行了实证研究,据此制订了该油田2010年的多目标配产方案,并与该油田实际的配产方案进行了对比,结果验证了模型的有效性,并指出了下一步研究的方向。     

Duality theory and pitfalls in the specification of technologies

Principles of duality enable the investigator to model the technology of a multiple-input-single- output firm either by means of a production function or a cost function. For empirical implementation, both alternatives employ the assumption of competitive market behaviour. Recently, functional forms have been developed which are sufficiently flexible to describe the substitution possibilities among factors when the technology consists of more than two factors. However, contrary to the strongly separable multi-factor Cobb-Douglas and CES forms, these functional forms are not self-dual. This poses the problem of choosing between two different maintained hypotheses. In this paper, we compare the inferences with respect to substitution possibilities obtained by imposing the two alternative specifications of a production function and a cost function on the same set of data. We find that they give very different inferences with respect to substitution possibilities between factors. Furthermore, these inferences continue to differ even when we explicitly adopt the position that both the production and cost functions are each approximations of the true technology.     

基于D-S证据理论的生产计划敏捷性评价

生产计划是企业得以顺利运营的核心组成部分,为了使企业适应外部动态竞争环境的动态变化,生产计划应具有动态响应能力—敏捷性。本文将生产计划敏捷性分为四个层次:时间(Time)、成本(Cost)、鲁棒性(Robustness)和自适应性范围(Scope of Change),并构建了生产计划敏捷性的评价指标体系。为了体现影响决策因素的多样性,本文基于证据理论建立面向多专家决策的生产计划敏捷性模型,并通过算例分析,说明生产计划敏捷性的评价过程。     

我国国际机场运营效率研究——基于DEA模型的评估与优化

运用DEA模型评估我国30家国际机场的效率,并从投入和产出上指出了无效机场的优化路径。实证结果显示,机场在总体上运营稳定,但大部分仍处于无效生产前沿面上。导致机场运营无效率的原因包括纯技术和规模两方面,其中前者是东部地区机场无效的主要原因,而后者则是中西部机场无效的最大根源。机场效率的优化会因其规模报酬特征而异。最后针对不同类型机场给出了提高效率的建议。     

An equilibrium model of city size

This paper develops an equilibrium model of city size in which population distribution, real prices, and real wages are determined. Two possible modifications are considered, one involving externalities. The partial equilibrium changes resulting from these modifications are derived and seen to be quite different from the general equilibrium changes. Finally, the paper suggests that site-specific factors of production must be introduced into any consistent model of city size.     

基于JIT的制造商供应链优化模型

JIT思想的主旨是强调生产的无库存与准时,围绕这一思想,将运输商作为供应链上的独立成员,考虑运输商的运输能力、供应商的供应能力、销售商的销售数量等约束以及运输环节诸因素的作用,建立了JIT环境下制造商供应链的优化模型,以实现制造商经营活动的优化,并通过具体的实例说明模型的可行性。