10万亿:中国森林生态系统年总价值出炉

<正>记者5月20日从中国林科院召开的中国森林生态服务评估研究成果新闻发布会上获悉,该院承担的中国森林生态服务评估研究结果显示,中国森林生态系统的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境与生物多样性保护等6项生     

关帝山森林生态系统服务计量评价研究

通过对关帝山森林生态系统的各项服务功能的计量评价,结果表明:森林各项可评价服务功能价值总值为18.534亿元,其中直接经济价值,占总价值的1.7%,间接经济价值占总价值的98.3%,间接经济价值中,水源涵养、水土保持、固碳释氧和净化空气价值,分别占总价值的6.6%、69.9%、6.6%、15.2%。     

山西省天然林保护工程生态效益评价

山西省天然林保护工程自实施以来,有效地保护和恢复了天然林资源,发挥了天然林的巨大生态效益。文章以森林生态系统定位观测数据、森林资源二类调查数据和国家、省权威机构发布的公共数据等为基础,结合《第九次全国森林资源清查山西省资源清查成果》等,对山西2014年度天保工程生态效益进行评价。结果表明:山西天保工程生态效益价值总量为818.17亿元/年,在不同的生态系统服务功能中,涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧价值量最大,占比分别为46.1%、21.9%、13.35%,说明山西省天保工程对涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧有着重要意义。     

孟滦林管局森林生态系统服务功能价值研究

在对孟滦林管局森林生态系统长期、连续定位观测的基础之上,根据森林资源清查数据和国内外权威部门公布的价格参数,定量评价了孟滦林管局不同林型森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值。结果表明,孟滦林管局森林生态系统服务功能总价值为35.16亿元/年,各项服务功能价值排序为涵养水源>生物多样性保护>固碳制氧>净化环境>保育土壤>营养物质积累>森林游憩;不同树种提供的服务功能总价值排序为落叶松>桦木>油松>柞树>杨树>山杏>榆树>云杉>樟子松;不同树种单位面积提供的服务功能价值排序为落叶松>油松>樟子松>云杉>杨树>柞树>桦木>榆树>山杏。     

城市森林固碳释氧功能及经济价值评估——以第三个“国家森林城市”长沙市为实证分析

主要介绍了城市森林生态系统固碳释氧功能及经济价值评估方法,并以中国第三个"国家森林城市"长沙市为实证分析,计算了长沙市城市森林生态系统固碳和释氧功能的经济价值分别约为27.12亿元/a和10.61亿元/a,固碳释氧总价值约为37.73亿元/a,最后做了进一步分析与对比。     

贵州省森林生态恢复效益评价研究

文章采用森林生态恢复效益评价模型,对贵州省森林新造林资源的涵养水源、净化空气、释O_2固碳和物种多样化等方面的生态恢复效益价值进行评价。研究结果显示,贵州省森林生态恢复效益总价值为47亿元/年。恢复效益价值最高是释O_2价值22亿元/年,占46.79%。调节水量价值12亿元/年,占25.52%;净化水质价值5.44亿元/年,占11.57%;提供负离子价值0.0354亿元/年,占0.08%;吸收污染物价值0.38亿元/年,占0.81%;固碳价值6.23亿元/年,占13.25%;物种多样化保护价值0.934亿元/年,占1.99%。结合社会经济发展水平修正后的贵州省森林生态恢复效益的总价值为31亿元/年。     

峡江县森林涵养水源和保育土壤价值核算

以最新发布的《中国森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》为依据,根据2009年峡江县二类森林资源调查资料,对峡江县森林生态系统的涵养水源(调节水量、净化水质)、保育土壤(固土、保肥)等生态服务功能价值进行初步核算,核算结果,峡江县森林生态系统涵养水源价值为30.55亿元/a,保育土壤价值为872.64万元/a。     

碧峰峡景区生态系统服务及其价值评价

在分析生态系统服务基础上,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等对四川省雅安市碧峰峡景区生态系统服务进行价值量化.结果表明:面积为2000hm2的景区生态系统服务价值为22777.77万元/a,其中涵养水源类价值2327.92万元/a,保护土壤价值8778.92万元/a,固定CO2释放O2价值1423.13万元/a,净化空气价值339.87万元/a,游憩价值8000万元/a,提供野生生物价值1600万元/a,休闲文化价值307.93万元/a.     

松毛虫危害的生态经济损失内容及评估指标体系构建探析

在查阅现有相关文献的基础上,结合松毛虫危害发生的实际情况,首先对松毛虫危害所引发的生态与经济损失的主要内容进行了系统地分析和论证,包括林产品、景观价值、农业、畜牧业、渔业、人类健康、涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙、净化空气、调节气候、固碳制氧、生物多样性保护等11个方面的损失;接着构建了松毛虫危害的生态经济损失评估指标体系,其中共包括2个一级指标、4个二级指标、13个三级指标和26个四级指标。     

自然保护区生态服务功能价值评估 ——以四川省通江诺水河自然保护区为例

通江诺水河自然保护区是具有典型北亚热带自然生态系统、自然景观和珍稀、特有物种及其栖息地的保护区之一,也是秦巴山区扶贫开发重要的生态资产。研究通过对保护区进行的综合科学考察以及其他统计、遥感等相关统计数据,应用生态和经济学的理论方法,评估了保护区九个主要生态服务功能价值。结果表明:(1)保护区每年能够提供不少于40.67亿元的生态服务价值,生态价值最大的是调节洪水和涵养水源为10.12亿元,最少的是水源供给为0.203亿元;(2)价值量大小依次是调节洪水和涵养水源价值>固碳释氧价值>文娱价值>物种栖息地及生物多样性保护价值>保育土壤价值>气候调节价值>物质提供价值>降解污染物价值>水源提供价值,其中文娱价值高于物种栖息地与生物多样性保护价值,间接表明在生态资产开发过程中偏重开发,对资产保护的力度还需加强;(3)评价结果可以为诺水河自然保护区建设国家重要生态安全屏障提供支撑。     

三峡库区(重庆段)森林水土保持服务功能价值研究

以三峡库区重庆段为研究对象,采用机会成本法、影子工程法、替代工程费用法等研究方法,核算了三峡库区重庆段的森林水土保持服务功能价值。森林生态系统服务功能中的水土保持服务功能研究结果表明:三峡库区重庆段森林水土保持服务功能总价值为14.802亿元/a,其中减少土地损失的价值为203万元/a、减轻泥沙淤积的价值为1196万元/a、土壤肥力保持价值为14.662亿元/a。为正确的核算三峡库区绿色GDP提供一定的借鉴意义。     

山地森林采伐后生态服务功能恢复动态

通过对闽北山地天然次生林择伐试验样地15 a的跟踪调查,采用实物量和价值量相结合的评价方法,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧3方面分析不同强度择伐后森林生态服务功能恢复动态。结果表明:相对于未采伐林地,伐后10 a,弱度和中度择伐其生态服务功能得到恢复并略有改善,强度和极强度生态服务功能尚未恢复;伐后15 a,4种强度的生态服务价值均得以恢复。从采伐对生态服务价值的影响看,影响程度最大、最难恢复的是保育土壤,其次是涵养水源。因此,对天然次生林的可持续经营,在确定择伐强度和择伐周期时,应考虑林分生态功能的修复过程。     

福建省永安市林业改革与发展经验启示

介绍了福建省永安市林业改革与发展经验:创新林业资本运作模式,突破生产发展融资难题;创新林业合作组织建设,突破林业规模经营难题;创新森林经营管理理念,突破生产低质低效难题;创新林业产业发展方式,突破结构调整优化难题;创新林业管理体制机制,突破林业发展服务难题;创新社会长效投入机制,建设生态优美森林永安。     

城市边缘区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究——以大连市甘井子区为例

以大连市甘井子区为研究对象,基于GIS技术结合土地利用动态度模型和生态系统服务价值估算方法,分析2000、2003、2006和2009年4个时序的大连市甘井子区土地利用数据,研究其土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。大连市甘井子区作为典型的城市边缘区,对其进行研究,可以得出城环边缘区的土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响特征,对城市边缘区的土地利用规划与整理提供科学价值。结果表明,大连市甘井子区2000~2009年土地利用发生明显变化,耕地、园地、未利用地面积减少,建设用地、林地、水域面积有所增加,耕地土地利用动态度为-6.10%,建设用地土地利用动态度为1.27%;2000~2006年甘井子区生态系统服务价值呈现增加态势,6年间增加2 600.91万元,2006~2009年呈现减少态势,3年间减少679.36万元;除林地外,其他土地利用敏感性指数均小于1,生态系统服务价值对价值系数缺乏弹性。     

Strengthening the effectiveness of nature reserves in representing ecosystem services: The Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Nature reserves (NRs) are the main protected areas in China and effective measures for biodiversity conservation. Three key types of ecosystem services, including soil retention (potential soil retention-SR), carbon sequestration (net primary productivity-NPP), and biodiversity conservation (habitat quality-HQ), were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of national NRs in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt. Ecosystem services were examined from two different scales (grid, individual NR), and different NRs types in 2000–2015, by using the RUSLE, CASA, and InVEST models. The results showed that the NRs had higher ES supply capacity than the non-NRs. SR and NPP showed significant increasing trends in four types of NRs. The HQ of forest ecosystem and wild animal reserves showed an increasing trend, while the HQ of inland wetlands and wild plants reserves showed a decreasing trend. Changes in NPP, SR, and HQ presented significant spatial heterogeneity for different NR types. Comprehensive effects of NRs, dynamic monitoring and evaluation of the conservation effectiveness of NRs, optimizing the institutional system of the NRs and perfecting the property of the NRs are suggested to be strengthened. These findings can provide decision support and methodological information for the effectiveness evaluation of NRs and land use policy in other regions of China and the world.     

世界森林生态系统的商品和服务评价

森林生态系统为人类提供了众多的商品和服务。商品性的木材生产是重要的全球性产业,木材燃料是当前主要的非化石能源,在可预见的未来,它将仍具有极大的重要性。森林的生物多样性在它拥有的效能是一种商品。森林在地球碳循环中起着中心作用,形成了最大的陆地碳库。在水源保护方面,森林提供了多种有价值的服务,森林的损失已使得世界的水源受到极大的影响。     

Ecosystem services from community-based forestry in Nepal: Realising local and global benefits

Community-based Forestry (CBF) is now a popular approach for landscape restoration, forest management, biodiversity conservation and support for rural livelihoods worldwide. The Himalayan country Nepal has been at the forefront of CBF for over four decades, with almost 40% of the total population directly involved in protecting and managing more than 32% of the country’s forested land. However, in the past, the focus of CBF in Nepal was the provision of goods for local subsistence, and there has been limited analysis of the role of CBF in providing ecosystem services (ES) from restored forest landscapes. Based on material drawn from a literature review and a stakeholders’ workshop, this paper analyses changes in Nepalese forest policies to provide a more holistic framework for CBF that provides a wider range of ES and to potentially underpin payments for ecosystem services in Nepal. The analysis indicates that Nepal’s forest policy and practices are still dominated by a narrowly conceived notion of forest management that does not accommodate the holistic concept of ES. The study illustrates that CBF provides many ES from local to global benefits as result of forest restoration. For example, timber, firewood, food, and water have local importance, while climate regulation, flood/erosion control, and habitat improvement have global importance. Many innovative cases are emerging in the long journey of CBF in Nepal that demonstrate more diverse management strategies, new forms of tenure rights and autonomy in institutional spaces. These can potentially provide a catalytic platform for the wider adoption of the ES framework in CBF regimes, in order to focus and reward forest management more directly for the provision of services such as water, biodiversity, climate regulation and recreation. Consequently, this study discusses the issues and challenges that are impeding the implementation of the ES concept in Nepal and suggests some ways forward.     

Economic evaluation of ecosystem goods and services under different landscape management scenarios

Human-induced changes in the natural environment are affecting the provision of ecosystem goods and services (EGS). Land use plans rarely include the value of public ecosystem services such as climate regulation and biodiversity due to difficulties in valuing these services. In this study, we assessed total economic value for five important ecosystem goods and services under five future land-use scenarios using varying levels of costs, prices and discount rates. Results indicated that at higher discount rates normally applied to commercial activities, and assuming the current prices for goods and services, net present value (NPV) was highest for landscape management scenarios aimed at maximising agricultural production. Potential income from services such as carbon and biodiversity does not offset projected income lost from agriculture due to land-use changes. At higher discount rates, NPV was negative for the two scenarios aimed at enhancing the longer term ecological sustainability of the landscape. These results indicate that income from carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation would need to be considerably higher than current levels in order to justify focusing management of this landscape on ecological outcomes. At lower discount rates (at levels normally associated with public investments), the more ecologically appropriate ‘mosaic farming system’ had the highest NPV, indicating that this type of system might be attractive for investors interested in longer term return horizons or wider public benefits. Higher income from carbon or biodiversity, or increased return from timber by using high value tree species, could potentially make more ecologically appropriate systems profitable at higher discount rates.