剖析美国国家空间政策

美国总统布什1989年11月2日批准了美国国家空间政策,此项政策修订并重申了美国空间活动及其目标。这一最新政策是由国家空间委员会经过数月的审议后得出的。这次审议澄清、强调和调整了有关政策,涉及的具体领域有民用与商业遥感、空间运输、空间垃圾、空间商业活动的政府资助和自由号空间站等。     

美国国家空间政策

2006年8月31日，美国总统批准了一项新的国家空间政策，从而确定了管理美国空间活动实施过程的全部国家政策。本文将着重介绍这项新国家空间政策。[编者按]     

金融安全网:基于信息空间理论的分析

在美国新金融改革法案颁布以及世界各国正着手进行金融监管体系重塑的背景下,针对金融安全网信息机制的构建,本文运用信息空间理论分析框架,结合复杂性学科的相关内容,分析了信息空间理论与金融安全网之间的适用性,探讨了构建金融安全网宏观信息空间、中观信息空间和微观信息空间与金融安全网适应能力、吸收能力、决策能力以及防护能力之间的关系,阐述了金融安全网信息机制的有效性及其对预防和管理银行危机的直接影响。     

加拿大的空间计划

加拿大政府认识到,仅仅依靠加拿大的自然资源并不能为加拿大在21世纪的繁荣提供必要的保证。空间工业的发展为加拿大人运用才智和发挥想象力提供了机会。未来的挑战是发现将空间研究和技术开发与经济的其它部分结合起来的方法,从而满足国家需要和使商业活动获利。其它国家如日本、欧洲和美国的经验以及加拿大空间发展的历史证明,一个相当统一和平衡的空间计划可以吸引该国最好的人材和资源。换言之,对加拿大来说,一个长期的空间计划是必需的。     

美国90年代国际空间政策展望

挑战者号航天飞机的失事,使美国空间项目停顿,90年代执行什么样的国际空间政策、美国国内正进行着讨论和研究。NASA组成的一个专门委员会所提出的有关90年代国际空间政策的建议基本上反映了美国政府在民用空间项目中所持的观点。同时考虑到其他方面的观点,美国90年代的国际空问政策可归纳为: 1.在新的意义下,保持美国在空间项目中的领导地位要求美国政府在制定空间政策时把领导视     

日本空间工业对美国的挑战

日本的空间工业起步时间并不长,到目前其能力还未达到可与美国相竞争的程度。然而,美国却有越来越多的呼声,警告要准备对付日本空间工业对美国的挑战,尤其是商业方面的挑战。其原因之一是,美国从其它几个空间国家的发展历史及其对美国的商业挑战中得到教训。例如,在80年代初期美国政府和工业界很     

美国太阳能发电技术及产业发展

本文以2013年美国多个超大规模光伏电站井网发电、2014年多个超大规模聚热太阳能电站投产为主要研究对象,分析了技术创新驱动和产业扶持政策对美国太阳能发电技术及大规模商业应用发展的推动作用,以及由此引发的效能提升、价格下降、供需市场兴旺,乐观预见美国太阳能发电产业的未来发展。     

里根政府的全国空间政策咨文简介

今年2月11日美白宫新闻办公室公布了美总统“至下一世纪的空间政策和商业空间计划”的咨文。这个咨文是在自1986年初美国挑战者号航天飞机失事后,美国空间项目处于停滞,美国在空间领域中的领导地位开始丧失,     

美国行政中心空间与规模特征及其成因研究

行政中心是行政区划的基本要素之一,行政中心尽量靠近地理中心对行政管理和促进区域发展平衡有积极的理论和现实意义。文章提出了行政中心与地理中心偏差的计算公式,运用空间统计分析方法结合Ar-cGIS软件,以美国为例,分析了美国县治与地理中心地理偏差的空间分布和数据特征以及州府与州最大城市的人口规模关系特征,总结了产生以上特征的自然、历史和政治上的原因,并运用空间可视化方法直观地显示分析结果。分析结果表明：①美国的县治普遍比较接近地理中心,其接近程度有由东部向西部递减的趋势且存在一定的空间集聚;②州府大多数并非州最大城市,人口较少。最后从行政中心区位选择和区域发展平衡两方面得出对中国的启示,为中国行政区划改革和区域经济发展提供借鉴。     

论空间观点

目前,美国地理学界较为重视对空间结构的研究。塔阿菲博士著文谈了空间观点,《论空间观点》全文包括摘要、三个观点(人地观点、地区研究观点、空间观点)、三个观点的发展、空间观点的前景和小结等五个部分。本刊摘登其中的主要部分,供我国读者参考。     

MAKING WORK PAY FOR WELFARE RECIPIENTS

This paper describes five new welfare reform programs being tested in six areas of the United States and Canada. These programs all use financial incentives to encourage selfsufficiency among welfare recipients. Some programs also provide employment and training services. A microsimulation model is used to predict the impacts of the two most generous programs: the Canadian Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) and the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP). The simulation results suggest that SSP and MFIP will modestly increase the number of welfare recipients who work. However, because SSP has a fulltime work requirement and MFIP does not, only SSP is predicted to generate an increase in fulltime employment     

Spatial contagion in the subprime crisis context: Adjusted correlation versus local correlation approaches

This paper investigates the influence of the spatial dimension on financial contagion in the subprime crisis based on adjusted and local correlation measures. Daily series of stock indexes of American and Asian countries are used from January 1, 2003, to December 30, 2011. We consider two groups of countries: the first group includes the United States and countries that are geographically close: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and Canada. The second group includes countries that are geographically distant from the United States: Hong Kong, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, China, and Singapore. The results show that simple and adjusted correlations are not enough to explain the spatial effect of contagion. Using local correlations and polynomial regressions, the results show the existence of spatial contagion between the United States and all countries in the American region. As for countries that are geographically distant from the United States, we prove the existence of spatial contagion between only some groups of countries (United States/India, United States/Australia, United States/Indonesia, United States/Malaysia, United States/China). These results have international diversification, and within-industry implications.     

Exploring the causes of the slowdown in remittances to Mexico

This article explores the slowdown of remittances to Mexico and the role that may have been played by some key variables from the United States economy. The findings show that several measures of United States economic activity and different proxies for the unemployment of Mexican nationals living in the United States do not appear to have a strong impact on remittance transfers. On the other hand, this study finds that United States housing variables do seem to affect remittance transfers. In particular, there is a special prominence of the impact shown by the number of housing starts in the United States. Overall, the results seem to suggest that there is not a single United States economic factor that is responsible for the decrease of remittances to Mexico but rather a combination of factors. Among these factors, the decrease in United States housing activity seems to play a major role.     

US–Japan Trade Frictions: The Past,the Present,and Implications for the US–China Trade War

The United States and Japan have been involved in trade frictions over a number of products including textiles, steel, automobiles, semi‐conductors, and agricultural products over the last 50 years. US–Japan trade frictions have taken basically two forms: (i) the United States attempting to restrict Japan's exports to the United States; and (ii) the United States attempting to increase its exports to Japan by “opening” the Japanese market. By putting pressure on Japan to adopt necessary measures, the United States sought to achieve two main objectives: (i) to reduce its trade deficit vis‐à‐vis Japan; and (ii) to protect and/or promote US industries. The United States failed to achieve the first objective, while some success was achieved for the second objective. The United States triggered a trade war against China with the objectives of: (i) reducing the bilateral trade deficit; and (ii) stopping unfair trade practices by Chinese firms such as violations of intellectual property rights and forced technology transfer. Based on the experiences from the US–Japan trade frictions, the United States may achieve some success for the second objective, but not for the first. The chances of achieving the second objective would increase if the United States cooperates with countries such as Japan and the European Union, which are faced with similar problems.     

The United States is a Small Country in World Trade*

Despite being the largest country in world trade and thus presumably having high optimal tariffs, the United States has long had low and declining levels of protection. This paradox suggests that the United States is failing to exploit its monopsony power by levying optimal tariffs. Using data on world output and trade flows, we find that the United States is a small country in world trade in that its trade policies have negligible impacts on world prices. In the median manufacturing industry, US tariffs reduce world prices by only 0.12%. United States optimal tariffs are also typically small (3.6% in the median industry) and are lower than existing US tariffs in most industries. It is no puzzle that the United States has been a champion of free trade since the 1930s—the United States, like other small countries, benefits economically from tariff reductions.     

美国自华进口对其经济增长的影响

本文利用协整分析与Granger因果检验方法,对美国自华进口对美国经济增长影响进行了实证研究。研究认为,美国GDP增长与美国自华制成品进口间呈反向长期均衡关系,与自华初级产品进口问则没有这种均衡关系,但美国自华制成品进口不是引致美国GDP下降的原因。美国不应将其经济增长趋缓或下降归咎于中国,中国也应通过扩大进口缓解当前的国内流动性过剩。     

The world's greatest debtor nation?

The widely repeated assertion that the United States has become “the world's greatest debtor nation” is based on reports of its “net international investment position.” This position relates not exclusively to debt but rather to the difference between net United States claims to foreign assets and net foreign claims to United States assets. Major portions are equities and direct investment, the latter valued at “book” or original cost.Estimates of the current value of direct investment, either market value on the basis of share prices or replacement cost, effect huge asymmetric adjustments. As United States direct investment abroad is generally much older, it has appreciated much more than foreign direct investment in the United States. With adjustments as well for the market value of gold and for bad debts, it is estimated that the United States net international investment position was more or less in balance at the end of 1987 and in only relatively small deficit at the end of 1988.     

Trade diversion from tomato suspension agreements

Abstract .  Trade barriers can cause output to be diverted to other countries and into other products. We study the effect of a voluntary price restraint (VPR) on Mexican tomatoes entering the United States. The diversion caused by the VPR is statistically and economically significant – representing over four-fifths of the direct effects of the trade barrier. When the VPR was binding, Mexico exported more tomatoes to Canada, the United States cut back on exports while Canada increased their exports to the United States. The VPR also diverted fresh tomatoes in Mexico into paste production, which was then exported to the United States.     

A Head-to-Head Comparison of Augmented Wealth in Germany and the United States*

We examine the composition of augmented household wealth (i.e., the sum of net worth and pension wealth) in the United States and Germany. Pension wealth makes up a considerable portion of household wealth, of about 48 percent in the United States and 61 percent in Germany. When pension wealth is included in household wealth, the Gini coefficient falls from 0.889 to 0.700 in the United States, and from 0.755 to 0.508 in Germany. If the wealth shares in Germany were the same as in the United States, this would lead to a 12.6 percent increase in the Gini coefficient in the augmented wealth distribution in Germany.     

Empirical models of the effects of United States protection: A survey of recent literature

This paper surveys the recent literature on the effects of United States protection. Most of these studies find that tariffs provide limited benefits to protected industries but cause considerable harm to household and industrial consumers of protected goods. Most studies do, however find some terms-of-trade benefits to the United States in the present structure of protection. Also, studies of quotas find that they have become more important in recent years and that they are a major source of welfare losses for the United States. This general agreement regarding the effects of United States policy arises from papers employing different research methodologies and addressing different questions.