跨国公司的进入模式与技术转移

跨国公司对东道国进行直接投资主要有两种模式：绿地投资和并购。本文通过构建一个简单的理论模型对跨国公司如何在这两种进入模式之间进行选择,在不同的进入模式下跨国公司的技术转移水平有何不同。以及跨国公司进入模式的选择和技术转移水平受到哪些因素的影响等问题进行了研究。在理论研究的基础上并且结合中国的实际情况,本文提出了有关促进跨国公司提高对华技术转移水平的政策建议。     

企业技术能力与外资对华技术转移的关联研究

将企业技术能力细化为识别技术、选择技术、获取技术、利用技术和保护技术等五个具体能力和一个核心的技术库，五个能力会对外资对华技术转移产生正面和负面影响。外资对中国企业技术能力的提升主要体现在获取技术环节，外资对核心知识的封锁是市场竞争的必然选择，对于技术库的知识累积，只能依靠企业自身的努力。     

Multinational firms,acquisitions and job tasks

We revisit the question how inward FDI and multinational ownership affect relative labor demand. Motivated by the recent literature that distinguish between skills and tasks, we argue that the impact of multinational and foreign ownership on the demand for labor is better captured by focusing on job tasks rather than education. We use Swedish matched employer–employee data and find that changes of local firms to both foreign and Swedish multinationals increase the relative demand for non-routine and interactive job tasks in the targeted local firms. Hence, in a high-income country, both inward and outward FDI have a task upgrading impact on local firms. The effect is primarily driven by wage effects leading to increased wage dispersion for workers with different non-routine and interactive task intensity. We also show that the effect is not the same as skill upgrading since dividing employees by educational attainment does not capture changes in the relative labor demand. Hence, our results suggest a new aspect of the labor market consequences of FDI.     

Multinational Companies,Technology Spillovers and Plant Survival*

How does the presence of multinational companies affect plant survival in the host country? We postulate that multinational companies can impact positively on plant survival through technology spillovers. We examine the nature of the effect of multinationals using a Cox proportional hazard model, which we estimate using plant‐level data for Irish manufacturing industries. Our results show that the presence of multinationals has a life‐enhancing effect only on indigenous plants in high‐tech industries, suggesting the presence of technology spillovers. In contrast, multinationals compete with each other in low‐tech sectors in the host country.     

A Comparison of Technology Firms in Beijing and Shenzhen

Beijing and Shenzhen are both well known for their high-tech industries. This paper compares the financial performance of the two cities’ technology firms and explores the effects of the firms’ operating characteristics and strategy choices on their performance. We find that when comparable samples are used, the firms in Beijing performed better than those in Shenzhen. In addition, for firms both in Beijing and Shenzhen, the ratio of current asset to total asset had a significantly positive effect while both short-term and long-term debt-asset ratios had a significantly negative effect on the performance. The strategy variable sales expenses as a fraction of the cost of goods sold had a significantly positive effect on the performance of firms in Beijing, but the positive effect on firms in Shenzhen was not significant. R&D inputs contributed significantly to the pre-tax profitability of Beijing firms, but had no significant effect whatsoever on Shenzhen firms.     

Multinational enterprises and technological spillovers: An evolutionary model

This paper analyses the determinants of the impact of foreign multinational enterprises on the technological development of domestic firms. It argues that the consequences of the foreign presence change according to market and technological conditions. An evolutionary model of technological competition between foreign and domestic firms is developed which is able to generate both vicious and virtuous circles of development in locations affected by foreign MNE activities. Theoretical analysis is tested against the empirical evidence for the UK economy (1983–1989).     

发展中国家跨国公司的一体化战略研究

本文尝试以建立一个发展中国家跨国公司一体化战略选择的内生模型来研究差异化厂商基于国家间要素禀赋优势、贸易成本、市场容量以及自身技术水平等因素做出的一体化战略选择。并且通过比较静态分析方法,将此研究扩及到贸易自由化对差异化厂商均衡时的一体化战略、平均价格和生产规模,以及整体产业平均技术水平的影响。     

出口管制与高技术国际转让

当前，虽然高技术国际转让呈现增长趋势，但是我们不能寄希望太高，高技术国际转让仍受到一些因素的限制，如受主要发达国家出口管制的限制。在这种情况下，发展中国家难以得到所需要的高技术。所以，发展中国家发展自己的技术以及从其他来源引进技术以面对挑战，是非常重要的。     

风险投资融合高新技术的转让体系研究

本文提出了利用我国高新技术产业开发区、科技企业孵化器的集聚环境,建设直接服务于促进风险投资与高新技术双方融合的技术转让体系的思路。即将各园区的信息、技术产权交易连通,先区域后全国。针对风险投资几乎可进入所有的技术领域的现实,对供应性产品与服务、应用性产品与服务、复杂系统产品与服务、科学前沿产品与服务等不同的领域,提出了不同的风险投资刺激政策和技术转让服务重点。     

韩国的技术转移与产业化

近年来,为了促进科技成果的技术转移与产业化,韩国政府实施了一系列的计划措施,并制定了相关的制度。本文从韩国政府在技术转移方面的宏观组织、国家创新体系中的技术转移机构、以大德研究开发特区为代表的产业技术园区的技术转移及韩国科学技术研究院（KIST）的技术转移现状等4个方面对韩国的技术转移与产业化的相关情况进行论述,以供从事技术转移相关工作人员参考。     

Multinational Firms and Plant Divestiture

Multinational firms not only make acquisitions, but also frequently divest affiliates. Affiliate divestiture is the result of many factors, some internal and some external to the firm. Using detailed confidential survey data of Swedish multinationals, we are able to examine divestiture decisions within the context of the world‐wide affiliate network of the firm. In contrast, most existing studies of multinational exit focus on one country only. A model of mergers and acquisitions with financing constraints generates predictions regarding the correlation between affiliate size and the decision to sell. Consistent with this theory, we find that larger affiliates are more likely to be divested, but an increase in relative size of an affiliate reduces the probability of divestiture. Additional network characteristics, the presence of other affiliates nearby and sales of affiliates elsewhere, are also positively correlated with divestiture. We find no support for the notion of footloose multinationals.     

Transboundary Pollution and the Welfare Effects of Technology Transfer

We examine the welfare effects of a transfer of pollution abatement technology in a two-country model. In each country, one industry discharges pollution as a byproduct of output, and the sum of domestic and cross-border pollution decreases the productivity of the other industry. We show the effects of technology transfer on the terms of trade, pollution levels, and welfare. Technology transfer decreases the pollution affecting each country under certain conditions. We derive and interpret the conditions under which technology transfer enriches the donor and the recipient. The results essentially depend on the trade pattern and the fraction of cross-border pollution.     

欧盟促进农业科技成果转化的做法和经验

促进农业技术推广和成果转化是提高农业创新能力的重要环节。长期以来,欧盟一直在大力扶持农业研发成果的推广、技术转移和转化。一方面,通过实施共同农业政策的价格补贴等措施保护农民利益,鼓励农民采用新技术和新成果,促进成果转化;另一方面,通过欧盟框架研发计划,实施农业技术平台计划、联合项目计划等,建立包括农民和农业企业在内的利益攸关方(Stakeholder)共同体,推进农业技术转移和成果转化。通过对欧盟农业技术平台等促进成果转化的做法进行研究和分析,得到启示:农业科技成果转化,要注重农民的参与,注重发挥农业企业的作用,要强调顺应市场规律。     

地方政府竞争、企业上市方式与政企间利益输送——来自中国家族企业上市公司的经验证据

中国转轨经济下的财政分权体制和政治晋升锦标赛激励地方政府官员将政策资源向有利于自身政绩的方向倾斜。文章研究发现,与买壳上市家族企业相比,直接上市家族企业获得了更多的银行贷款、政府补贴和税收优惠,但同时通过更高的资产回报、过度投资和负担更多的超额雇员服务于地方经济和社会目标。文章分析了地方政府热衷于推动新企业上市并给予大量政策扶持的原因,对于市场化进程中制定相关政策指导地方政府行为具有重要参考价值。     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

刍议跨国公司转移价格及其影响

在当前各个国家税率差别减小,加强监管的背景下,跨国公司在我国使用转移价格主要基于非税务动因。出于整体利润最大化以及战略拓展的需要,跨国公司的转移价格定价方法主要有两大类：基于利润的方法和基于市场竞争的方法。跨国公司使用转移价格对我国企业、产业以及财政收入等方面都产生了严重的不良影响,需要在积极引进外资的同时,不断完善相关法律规定,加强国际税收合作,提高外资质量。     

Multinational Firms and Strategic FDI Subsidies

A simple three‐stage game model of an international Cournot duopoly, consisting of domestic and foreign multinational firms, is exploited to examine strategic FDI subsidies. While in the first stage the governments decide the optimal FDI subsidies, the firms endogenously choose their FDI levels (or subsidiary plant sizes) in the second stage and their output–export levels in the third stage. Thus, this paper finds that while the outflow and inflow FDI subsidies have different effects on firms’ FDI choices, the FDI subsidies are used as tools for the implementation of strategic policies and that the optimal FDI subsidies vary, depending on whether the governments assess labor employment.     

发展中国家对外直接投资、逆向技术转移与母国技术提升

近年来越来越多的研究发现,处于技术劣势的发展中国家跨国公司正逐渐把对外直接投资作为在国际上寻求技术优势的有力工具和手段.发展中国家跨国公司通过对发达国家的对外直接投资,可以利用东道国的技术资源优势获得逆向技术转移,并向母国返流和传递,进而促进母国企业、产业和国家整体技术水平的提升.积极利用技术寻求型对外直接投资进行技术学习和逆向技术转移,是发展中国家跨国企业在经济全球化形势下的一种适宜选择.     

Multinational Firms and Labor Market Pooling

In the presence of increasing specialization of workers it becomes more and more difficult for firms to find the most suitable workers. In such an environment a multinational enterprise (MNE) has an advantage because it can exchange workers between plants in different countries. Recruiting from the home and foreign plant leads to a larger labor market pool for an MNE, reducing the mismatch of its workforce. This paper analyzes the consequences of this advantage for production, employment, prices and wages. In line with recent empirical results, we find that the additional ability to recruit workers from the home and foreign labor market leads to lower mismatch, higher average productivity of workers, lower prices, higher output, and higher employment of a plant of an MNE as compared with a national firm, while the wage‐effects depend on firm productivity.