制造企业服务化的驱动因素及作用机制——基于扎根理论的研究

近年来,制造型企业向服务化转型的趋势愈发明显。本文利用扎根理论对收集到的20个制造型企业服务化转型的成功案例进行分析,归纳总结出制造型企业服务化转型的驱动因素,即制造业服务化的驱动主要来自于转变企业发展方式、提升企业经营绩效、缓冲和降低企业外部风险、响应客户需求4个方面。最后,还构建了制造业服务化的"内部动力-外部压力和拉力"驱动模型,提出了技术创新和商业模式创新双轮驱动、树立制造服务系统观等建议。本研究有助于厘清制造型企业服务化的驱动机制,对制造型企业向服务化转型升级提供了理论支持。     

GVC视角下双边增加值贸易的解构与测算：以中美贸易为例

构建了多国模型中双边增加值贸易的解构模型,并利用2016年发布的世界投入产出表测算了2000—2014年中美56个产业部门的双边增加值贸易及总值贸易的数据,结合中美贸易失衡的扭曲程度指标的构建与测算,从总体和结构两个层面对中美增加值贸易进行了失衡分析和全球价值链地位分析,还原了中美双边贸易的真实状态。结果显示,总体上,双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了20.17%;美国出口中的回流比重呈现下降的趋势,而中国出口中的回流比重则是逐年上升;自2010年起中国出口中的国外增加值率逐渐下跌,而国内增加值率开始上升,这表明中国在全球价值链中的地位正在改善。结构上,中国对美国各行业增加值贸易以顺差为主;制造业的双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了96.30%,并且中国主要制造业部门对美国的增加值贸易出口均小于总值贸易出口,这说明中国制造业总体上仍然需要继续提升其在全球产业链中的位置;在新兴服务部门,美国相对中国处于全球价值链上游,而在建筑业和一些传统服务部门,中国相对美国处于全球价值链的上游。     

中国出口增速下降的驱动因素研究

研究目标：研究2011~2014年中国出口增速下降的驱动因素。研究方法：从增加值贸易视角运用分层式结构分解法（HSDA）。研究发现：中国出口增速下降既有周期性因素,也有结构性因素;其中,国外需求下降是决定性因素,贡献度为859%,受需求水平下降和需求结构变化共同影响;生产分工变化是重要影响因素,贡献度为136%,主要受前向产业关联变化和国内生产分工调整影响;增加值系数变化影响较小,仅为05%。研究创新：基于GMRIO模型将多种因素纳入统一的分析框架,定量分析各因素对中国出口增速下降的影响。研究价值：对处于转型期的中国外贸维持出口平稳增长有重要的现实意义和实践价值。     

劳动力成本上升会倒逼制造业企业服务化转型吗?——异质性讨论与动机识别

本文基于2009—2019年中国A股制造业上市公司数据,测算了制造业企业服务化水平,实证分析发现:劳动力成本上升显著促进了制造业企业服务化转型。异质性讨论表明:高生产率、低融资约束和规模较大的制造业企业在应对劳动力成本上升时,服务化转型的意愿更大。动机识别检验表明:劳动力成本上升会弱化制造业企业市场势力,服务化转型对企业市场势力具有重塑效应;服务化与技术创新均是制造业企业应对劳动力成本上升的转型路径,二者间存在替代性。最后提出政策启示:促进人力资本深化,驱动劳动力数量优势向质量优势转型,是弥补劳动力成本上升短板的关键;利用新技术形态创造的新契机,是助力服务化转型迈向高级化和现代化的重要机遇;同时,应谨防制造业企业服务化转型过程中虚拟化和空心化趋势。     

中欧制造业增加值贸易分解、分工格局及价值网络结构 ——基于"MRIO-VRCA-VSNA"方法的多维透视

本文通过构建全球多区域投入产出模型，创新性地融合多种方法深入分析了中国与欧洲国家制造业及细分部门的贸易价值构成、显性比较优势、全球价值链参与度、分工地位和价值网络结构。研究发现：(1)总体上，中国对欧洲制造业间接出口国内增加值的规模及其年均增长率均大于出口国外增加值，德国占中国对欧洲出口增加值总额的比重高达25.59%;中国为增加值贸易顺差，技术密集型部门增加值出口的年均增长率高于增加值进口。(2)中国劳动密集型部门增加值显性比较优势指数较高，但技术密集型部门较低，中欧制造业的比较优势具有较强的互补性；中国多数劳动密集型和技术密集型部门的增加值显性竞争优势指数有所提升。(3)中国制造业的前向参与度总体上大于后向参与度，价值链分工地位普遍提升；中国的计算机、电子、光学设备以及机械设备部门前向参与度低于欧洲五国，但呈现出了先降后升趋势，后向参与度正好相反。(4)中欧制造业价值网络的“中心-外围”结构特征非常显著，德国大多数部门的网络中心度和网络权力指数处于领先地位，中国仅次于德国；中国正由价值网络中的“从属者”向“主导者”转型，双边增加值贸易仍有很大提升空间。     

煤机企业服务化转型的动因和制约因素研究

制造业服务化转型已经成为制造业发展的新趋势,服务化也成为了制造企业竞争的有力武器。从国际来看,中国的煤机制造业远低于发达国家的发展水平,服务化的转型也处于初级阶段,国内目前缺乏较为系统完善的煤机制造业服务化的研究。本文由我国煤机制造企业服务化的研究现状分析出煤机企业服务化转型的动因和其制约因素。并通过对发达国家煤机制造业服务化的现状的概述。提出我国煤机制造业服务化转型的必然性。     

提升制造业投入服务化水平

全球制造业发展的最新趋势是服务化转型。随着制造与服务融合程度的日益增强，在制造业发展过程中加大服务中间投入，对提升制造业生产效率、推动制造业转型升级具有重要的战略意义。近年来，我国服务业发展逐步迈上新台阶，但制造业投入服务化水平总体不高，与发达国家相比仍有差距。从细分服务业投入结构看，高端生产性服务发展较为滞后，知识密集型服务业投入水平较低。随着新一轮产业科技革命的到来，智能制造已成为全球制造业投入服务化的新浪潮。应充分发挥服务投入对制造业转型升级的作用，用数字化转型赋能制造业发展，发挥细分服务业不同特性，为两业深度融合发展营造良好环境。     

中国优势制造业全球价值链竞争力分析

聚焦中国优势制造业,通过使用基于贸易增加值数据分解的框架测算连续20年的中国数据,分析和评估我国优势制造业的竞争力发展状况。研究发现：在优势制造业方面,中国制造业整体具有明显优势,其中的中、高技术行业相对于低技术和新兴制造业,更具显著竞争力;以核电、航空和高铁为代表的高技术行业、新兴制造业的中间品出口主要是依靠国内增加值的中间品出口实现全球价值链地位攀升,而代表低技术行业的纺织业依靠融入全球价值链保持全球同行业的竞争优势;在全球垂直专业化深化发展的背景下,我国优势制造业中普遍存在参与国际分工的依赖程度弱化的趋势,而竞争力提升和价值链攀升具有依靠国内增加值质量提升的内化特点。     

生产性服务业开放、行业异质性与制造业服务化

生产性服务业开放带来的信息、技术、资金等服务要素流动对制造业和服务业全球价值链的深度融合至关重要。本文基于边境内限制措施OECD STRI,构建服务开放渗透率衡量服务业开放水平。选取2000—2014年37个国家的制造行业的数据进行实证分析,探究生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化水平提升及其结构的影响,并依次分析批发零售、运输仓储、信息通讯、金融保险和专业科技等生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化的差异化影响。结果显示,生产性服务业开放对制造业服务化有显著的提升效应;区分服务来源后发现,生产性服务业开放显著增加了国外服务投入;就不同生产性服务业开放的影响效应而言,五类生产性服务业开放都显著促进了制造业服务化水平提升,批发零售开放带来的提升作用更为显著。影响机制检验表明,生产性服务业开放能够通过溢出效应和成本效应提升制造业服务化水平。本文的结论对中国服务业开放及制造业产业结构转型升级具有一定的政策启示。     

中国制造业贸易流量影响因素研究

近年来,随着中国经济的发展,制造业贸易呈现出快速增长的趋势,在我国对外贸易中所占的比重不断增大。文章通过构建扩展的引力模型,选取中国制造业贸易最主要的56个贸易伙伴,对影响1990年以来中国制造业贸易流量影响因素进行实证分析,发现制造业增加值、人口因素、人均收入水平以及加入世贸组织,是影响中国制造业贸易流量的主要因素。本文试图运用引力模型来解释中国与主要贸易伙伴的制造业贸易模式,找出影响中国制造业出口流量和流向的主要因素,从而为改善中国制造业的贸易绩效提供可供参考的研究依据。。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。