SADC国家增值税协调的现状、问题及前景

税收协调能在一定程度上消除区域一体化进程中各成员国在货物、资本、服务和人员自由流动等方面的障碍。本文介绍了SADC国家增值税制度的基本情况,阐述了各成员国为促进统一市场的形成而进行的增值税协调实践及面临的挑战,并对该区域增值税协调的前景进行了分析。     

欧盟税收管辖权的现状与趋势

欧盟有关税收问题的规定,约束了成员国的税收立法内容,并且已经超越成员国的独立税收管辖权,导致成员国税收管辖权部分转移,出现超越国家的税收管辖权现象。欧盟法律制度的主要目标之一就是消除统一市场的人为和制度障碍,促进共同市场内部的商品、劳动力、资本和服务流动。欧盟在处理与成员国之间的税收管辖权问题上已经取得了有益的进展,但是,税收管辖权由国家向国际组织行使的转变仍然任重道远。     

欧盟：流动劳动力的社保待遇支付

欧盟有27个成员国,总人口超过4．8亿,其成员国社会保险立法和制度各有差异,但欧盟规定以下条款,保证人员可以自由流动而不损权益： 各成员国应为迁移劳动者提供社会保障领域的保护,实行“国民待遇”;劳动者的社会保险关系及缴费基本不转移;劳动者履行的义务及可享受的待遇累加计算;劳动者在最终居留地领取待遇;有过渡期,现有的成员国可以在一段有限的时间内对新加入国国民推迟适用自由流动的规定。     

欧盟关于机动力民事责任保险的指令与中国机动车交通事故责任强制保险条例的比较及启示

为了促进汽车、货物和人员在欧盟内自由流通并维护机动车事故的受害人的利益,欧盟通过了4个协调成员国有关机动车民事责任保险的指令,即1972机动车保险指令、1983年机动车保险指令、1990年机动车保险指令和2000年机动车保险指令。     

欧盟税收政策的协调:过去、现在与未来

围绕着税收政策是否应该由各 成员国根据各自国家的具体情况独立地制定,还是应该由欧盟这个超国家机构在更广的范围内确定,这是一个涉及税收主权的问题,对此,在欧盟内部各成员国之间从未停止过争论。但是,由于统一政策的制定需要各成员国一致同意才能通过,因此,欧盟在税收政策的协调方面进展缓慢。随着2003年6月欧盟宪法草案的通过,以有效多数制取代原来的一致通过制,欧盟各项政策的协调步伐必将加快。与此同时,有关欧盟税收政策的协调的讨论又将被重新点燃。     

中国与欧盟财务报告的差异比较分析

欧盟协调各成员国会计准则的主要方式是通过颁布“指令”（Directives）来实施的。“指令”是欧盟各成员国一致同意的，将作为各国立法依据的法律。其中，欧盟第4号指令《共同体内公司财务报告的基本问题》就是对财务报表的编制与列报作了规定。它对财务报告的格式和内容的规定在很多方面与我国现行《企业会计制度》存在着较大区别。一、 编报原则上的区别第4号指令要求欧盟范围内公司的财务状况和经营成果必须按“真实和公允”（true and fair）的观点加以反映。根据这个指导思想，报表应如实地反映公司的资产、负债、财务状况和盈亏情况…     

欧盟会计协调对我国会计国际化的启示

推进会计标准和会计实务的国际化,为全球经贸往来和资本流动减少成本和消除障碍,是经济全球化的必然要求。欧盟采取的会计协调措施为实现欧盟统一市场发挥了重要作用,是会计国际协调的成功典范。本文结合欧盟会计协调的成功经验和存在的问题,阐述了其对我国会计国际化的借鉴意义。     

借鉴欧盟经验 处理好中国与东盟税收关系

本文介绍了欧盟成员国通过税收协调推进区域税收一体化的进程,在此基础上,提出推动中国与东盟各成员国间税收协调的政策建议,以营造中国—东盟自由贸易区稳步发展的税收环境。     

从爱尔兰主权债务危机分析欧盟财政政策的缺陷——兼谈对东盟财政政策协调的启示

希腊主权债务危机后,虽然欧盟成员国采取了多种措施（包括7500亿欧元的巨额救助计划）,但仍无法阻挡成员国债务危机的爆发。本文结合爱尔兰债务危机发生的特征殁成因,分析欧盟财政政策协调过程中存在的问题,详细探讨欧盟财政政策协调对正在建没过程中的东盟有着何种启示。     

欧盟统一市场的间接税协调

间接税协调是欧盟统一市场在发展过程中的一个重要问题,其协调的重点是增值税与消费税。在协调过程中,各成员国基于自身利益所发生的争议以及由此所采取的抵制行为在很大程度上阻碍了间接税协调的进程。展望未来,欧盟间接税协调依然面临着许多难以克服的困难,协调的结果将主要取决于各成员国彼此之间能够做出多少妥协和让步。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.