论国际财务报告准则变迁：均衡实现及其成本约束

会计准则国际趋同是在承认世界无政府状态不可能彻底改变的前提下，倡议在会计领域建立起约束性的制度性安排或规范，以实现国际会计经济关系的有序发展。国际财务报告准则可以视为适一类规定国际会计行为的职责、限制行动、以及行为者持久预期的，并具有权威性、制约性和关联性的一组正式或非正式的规则网络，其伴随着国际会计的秩序化、组织化、制度化而发展起来，常常被视为国际会计经济关系中的进程性因素。国际会计的发展历程表明，国际财务报告准则的每一次发展都是一次制度变迁，从不均衡到均衡再到不均衡，国际会计准则的变迁就是这样周而复始地运动着，通过效率分析和成本约束分析每一次变迁，促使国际财务报告准则向着最终的“帕累托最优”状态逼近。     

The political economy of the G20 agenda on financial regulation

The paper empirically examines the implementation record of international financial regulation of the banking sector. The study finds that the size of the banking sector and the presence of global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) are positively associated with a stronger implementation record. These results suggest that cooperative motives of internalising externalities, creating a level playing field and preserving financial stability play a role in explaining the implementation record. We find evidence that this cooperative behaviour may be driven by the self-interest of global players as the positive record is particularly strong in countries where large banking sectors and big banks are both present, and where regulation only applies to large players. Sectoral concentration, bank health and the share of foreign ownership yield more mixed results as regards their impact on implementation.     

The economic case for international labour standards

This paper explores the economic case for international labourstandards. Granting workers rights of free association and collectivebargaining confers both static and dynamic economic efficiencies.Static efficiencies refer to one-time gains from improvementsin economic practice. Dynamic efficiencies refer to gains fromimprovements to the growth path resulting from a shift awayfrom a ‘low road’ development path to a ‘highroad’ path. These efficiencies raise wages, employmentand output in developing countries, and they can also benefitworkers in developed countries. Labour standards are an institutionalmechanism for raising the quality of growth in both developingand developed countries. In this sense, they are a ‘win–win’institution.     

The political economy of the Ecuadorian financial crisis

This paper takes the unusual step of exploring economic hypothesesthrough interviews with key economic agents. It focuses on thecauses of Ecuador's 1999 banking collapse, within an eclecticframework with Minskian elements. Broad support is found for‘endogenous’ explanations of financial crises andlittle backing for explanations such as accidents or policymistakes. Interviewees argued that after the stabilisation programmeof 1992, agents became euphoric and accumulated debt to financeimprudent levels of expansion; that incentives for moral hazardled to financial corruption and excessive risk taking; and thatweak regulation after financial liberalisation encouraged financialfragility.     

中国资产评估师职业道德规范国际趋同分析

目前，世界上最具有影响力和代表性的评估准则，当属国际评估准则委员会制定的《国际评估准则》。本文比较了中国与国际评估准则委员会在资产评估师职业道德规范方面的异同，并分析其中缘由，为中国资产评估师职业道德规范的进一步完善提供借鉴。     

The political economy of participation in IMF programs: a disaggregated empirical analysis

What factors determine whether or not countries have programs with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? The existing literature suggests that a number of economic and political variables are important, but there is disagreement about their relative significance. Moreover, the fit of general participation models is not particularly good. An increasingly popular view in the recent literature is that the pattern of IMF lending is politically driven and that it reflects the interests of the Fund’s leading shareholders; the US is seen as exerting a powerful influence. Using both quantitative and qualitative techniques, and based on an informal analytical framework, we examine in detail the factors that may be at work. We cover the period from 1984 to 2008. We discover considerable variation across the nature of programs (concessional and non-concessional), income levels, geographic regions, and time periods. The degree of observed variation means that it is unsafe to use one general participation model as the basis for evaluating the effects of IMF programs. It also means that the design of policy needs to reflect the nuances that the data reveal.     

The heterogeneous effect of finance on international trade

Is the impact of financial development on international trade heterogeneous – being positive, negative or null – across manufacturing sectors? And is it dependent on the level of sectoral requirement on external finance for capital need? To examine these questions this article uses a panel trade database on 21 manufacturing sectors in 80 countries between 2000 and 2009. The analysis demonstrates that the effect of financial development on trade is indeed heterogeneous by estimating a coefficient for each sector and showing that the signs and significance levels vary across them. The article also demonstrates that sectors with strong reliance on external finance export higher volume from countries with developed financial system and that financial development reduces trade in industries with low financial dependence level.     

Trade, inequality, and the political economy of institutions

This paper investigates the relationship between international trade and the quality of economic institutions. We model institutions as fixed costs of entry, in a framework that has two key features. First, preferences over entry costs differ across firms and depend on firm size. Larger firms prefer to set higher costs of entry, in order to reduce competition. Second, these costs are endogenously determined in a political economy equilibrium. Trade opening can lead to higher entry costs when it changes the political power in favor of a small elite of large exporters, who in turn prefer to install high entry barriers.     

Depth of outreach and financial sustainability of microfinance institutions

The primary justification for subsidizing Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) is their enhancement of social welfare by extending credit to the poor households. Therefore, recent emphasis on their financial self-sufficiency has created concern, that this may adversely affect the mission of social outreach. Utilizing data from 702 MFIs operating in 83 countries, this study shows empirical evidence of a positive complementary relationship between financial sustainability and depth of outreach.     

新形势下事业单位财务管理存在的问题和对策

在改革开放30年之后,中国社会主义市场经济改革进入了深水区,国际格局呈现了一超多强的格局,中国在各方面都面临着新的挑战。建设廉政性政府是出于国内政治环境的需要,也是应对国外挑战的需要。加强事业单位财务管理是建设廉政性政府的迫切需要,如果不采取相应措施事业单位就可能会滋生腐败,严重降低在职人员的工作积极性以及工作效率。     

加强企业财务管理的若干建议

随着现代企业制度的推行,企业财务管理成为企业管理的重要组成部分。企业财务管理直接关系到企业的生存与发展。在市场经济条件下,企业要生存、发展和盈利就必须建立现代企业制度,科学地进行资本运营,而这一切都需要强化财务管理。企业财务管理如何适应知识经济发展的要求,在管理目标、融资内容、资本结构、风险管理方法、财务分析以及分配方式等方面进行科学的调控,越来越引起企业的重视。     

Collectively accepted social norms and performativity: the pursuit of normativity of globalization in economic institutions

ABSTRACT

Although the philosophical literature on social institutions has been insightful for social scientific studies, the application of its core concepts, such as collective intentionality, to real institutional dynamics remains challenging. One factor contributing to this situation is insufficient work that identifies collectively accepted social norms and shows how they constitute social institutions. Relying on the perspectives of John Searle and Raimo Tuomela, this study integrates recent analyses of the concept of performativity with discourse analysis. It presents an analytic framework, drawing on the concept of nominalization, to identify collectively accepted social norms that performatively constitute social institutions. Finally, it illustrates the identification of collectively accepted ‘globalization’ that performatively constitutes and shapes economic institutions engaged in corporate financial reporting. This study contributes to closing the gap between philosophical analyses of social institutions and social scientific studies by highlighting the performance of nominalized collectively accepted social norms.     

全球金融危机中消费型增值税对我国经济的影响

实行消费型增值税是我国的一项重大减税政策,是应对世界金融危机的积极财政政策的重要组成部分,是增加企业利润的有利因素,对刺激投资和经济回暖起到了一定的积极作用。     

The impact of institutions on financial development: Evidence from East Asian countries

This paper examines the impact of institutions on regional financial development using a panel data model of 11 East Asian countries during 1996–2017. It divides the institutional factors into six economic factors and six legal‐political factors. The analysis demonstrates that the legal‐political institutional factors have a stronger impact on financial development than the economic institutional factors in East Asia. Improvement in institutional quality such as fiscal freedom, business freedom, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality and rule of law can promote financial development. Improvements of these institutional factors facilitate the ability of enterprises to allocate resources and improve the strength of business operations, thereby reducing transaction costs and making the financial operating environment fairer and more efficient. With the improvement of institutional factors, financial development will have more opportunities to develop better. Institutional impacts are more pronounced in the financial development in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Myanmar than in the other countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Singapore.     

吉林省中小金融机构经营效率评价

效率是金融机构核心竞争力的重要内容。本文运用因子分析法,对吉林省境内各类中小金融机构和国有大银行的相关效率指标进行了对比分析,得出吉林省中小金融机构的经营效率普遍高于国有大银行的结论。同时发现,吉林省的中小金融机构面临的主要问题依然是如何降低不良贷款率、提高资产质量。本文最後提出了完善公司治理结构、健全内部控制制度和突出区域特色的业务定位三个方面,是改追吉林省中小金融机构的效率的有效措施。     

The persistence of profits in banking: an international comparison

This article examines the dynamics of bank profitability in the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy and Switzerland over the period 1993–2014. We find long-run bank profit persistence in all six countries in the period before the financial crisis in 2008. Banks with large capital ratios are persistently more profitable, and there is little evidence of a link between bank size and the persistence of bank profits. Commercial (saving) banks are persistently more (less) profitable in four of the six countries. The effects of the financial crisis in 2008 differed dramatically across countries as well as across ownership types. While US banks experienced dramatic declines in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, they recovered much faster than their European counterparts and essentially retain their long run profit potential by the year 2014.     

The political economy of regionalism

We examine the incentives of regions to unite and separate. Separation allows for greater influence over the nature of political decision making while unification allows regions to exploit economies of scale in the provision of government. Our paper explores the influence of size, location and the diversity within regions in shaping this trade-off. We then examine the way in which alternative political institutions aggregate regional preferences and thereby define the number of countries.     

The political economy of seigniorage

While most economists agree that seigniorage is one way governments finance deficits, there is less agreement about the political, institutional and economic reasons for relying on it. This paper investigates the main political and institutional determinants of seigniorage using panel data on about 100 countries, for the period 1960–1999. Estimates show that greater political instability leads to higher seigniorage, especially in developing, less democratic and socially-polarized countries, with high inflation, low access to domestic and external debt financing and with higher turnover of central bank presidents. One important policy implication of this study is the need to develop institutions conducive to greater political stability as a means to reduce the reliance on seigniorage financing of public deficits.     

The impact of the corporate average fuel economy standards on technological changes in automobile fuel efficiency

This paper empirically examines the effect of the U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards on the technological progress in automobile fuel efficiency. Using detailed vehicle attributes data from 1978 through 2018, we find that more stringent fuel economy standards increase the rate of technological improvements in new passenger cars, and this effect is primarily driven by the response of U.S. automakers. We do not find evidence that CAFE standards have a similar effect on the technical change in light-duty trucks. Our results also indicate that higher gasoline prices have a significant and positive effect on the improvement of fuel-saving technology in both passenger cars and light trucks. Using our empirical estimates, we project that the recent rollback of Obama-era CAFE standards would forego an approximately 2-percent increase in cars’ fuel economy over the 2021–2025 period as a result of technological progress.