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1.
《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2017,36(2):104-120
The electricity supply industry has historically offered a homogenous good supplied via economically regulated transmission and distribution networks. Competition was introduced into the contestable generation and retail supply chain components as part of the 1990s Hilmer reform process. After a century of incremental technological developments, the industry is now being transformed by new distributed energy technologies and a global focus on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Policy‐makers did not anticipate these changes. A number of key reforms are likely to be required. These include: assessing whether the return on capital provided to network operators is appropriate given changing economic conditions; determining the role of competition in the provision of “behind the meter” energy services; and integration of climate change policy with wholesale energy market design. 相似文献
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王伟秋 《湖南经济管理干部学院学报》2010,(6):20-23
处方药的价格对世界各国的医疗体系都至关重要,笔者研究了9个国家公共医疗体系对处方药定价和报销政策的规定,包括欧盟四个成员国法国、德国、意大利和英国,还有澳大利亚、巴西、印度、日本和韩国,总结出这些国家对处方药定价和报销政策规定中普遍存在的法律问题,并提出立法建议。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTScenes of political unrest throughout the Middle East are often coupled with media reports and public debates in the United States that have a recurring theme: the relationship between women and Islam. After discussing the culturalist accounts that portray women as being in grave danger from Islam and in need of Western protection and supervision, this contribution examines an emerging trend in political science developed under the influence of the formalism of neoclassical economics. The study argues that despite ostensibly universal assumptions about human behavior and alleged objectivity, the theoretical foundations of neoclassical economics and its methodological formalism fall short in providing an alternative to culturalism, and, instead, reinforce the misperceptions and misunderstandings about the region. 相似文献
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《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(1):171-175
AbstractThis editorial discusses a number of trends affecting the pricing of generic medicines in Europe. With respect to pricing, recent evidence has emerged that European generic medicine manufacturers face competition from Indian manufacturers; that the price level of generic medicines varies substantially between European countries; and that generic medicine manufacturers engage in competition by discount rather than price competition in France, The Netherlands and the UK. These trends suggest that there may be scope for further reducing the prices of generic medicines in several countries.In relation to reference pricing, most European countries have incorporated market incentives within reference pricing systems with a view to promoting price competition. The European experience indicates that the generic medicines industry delivers competitive prices under a reference pricing system if demand-side policies are in place that stimulate physicians, pharmacists and patients to use generic medicines.Finally, caution needs to be exercised when focusing on the drivers of generic medicine pricing as these drivers not only vary between countries, but may also vary within a country. Manufacturers of originator and generic medicines do not take a single pricing approach following patent expiry, but vary their pricing strategy from molecule to molecule. 相似文献
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培育和发展战略性新兴产业是我国立足经济结构转型和着眼未来经济布局的重大战略决策,当前阶段我国培育战略性新兴产业的关键是与传统产业耦合发展。以“耦合”为归纳主线,分别从生命周期、技术创新、博弈策略、价值链以及定量评价五个视角对国内2010-2013年间相关研究成果进行脉络梳理和综合述评。归纳发现,已有成果对于战略性新兴产业与传统产业耦合发展所涉及到的诸如体制、机制等宏观层面的理论研究达到一定的深度;但在定量测度层面,数理评价模型却过于单一,在数据样本的选择和统计口径的制定方面,实证基础也还比较薄弱。 相似文献
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We develop a dynamic model of democratic politics in which both potential office holders and the electorate have heterogeneous ideologies. Voters have incomplete information about candidate ideologies, so they must use information from previous positions taken in office to make informed re-election decisions. We characterize the effects of term limits on the evolution over time of the ideological positions taken by office holders and derive the implications for voter choice and welfare. Contributions of our paper include:
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- We detail how pork provision by more senior incumbents interacts with term limits to affect electoral outcomes. Pork provision—transfers of resources from districts with junior legislators to districts with more senior legislators—induces voters to be more forgiving of extreme location by incumbents, especially incumbents in small or poor districts. Pork provision can explain why re-election probabilities in Congress exceed those for governors.
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- Term limits reduce voter welfare when all that matters are the ideological positions taken by the office holder.
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- Term limits may be advantageous when senior incumbents can extract benefits for their constituencies at the expense of districts with more junior representatives. Large or rich districts especially value term limits when there is substantial pork provision.
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- We characterize the welfare of all voters, not just the median voter.
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目前我国城乡居民仍然存在看病难和看病贵的问题,产生这个问题的经济学原因主要有:医疗资源总量供给不足,而且资源的配置极不合理;医疗需求和供给缺乏弹性;医患之间的信息不对称等。在分析原因的基础上提出了相关的政策建议。 相似文献
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《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(8):646-653
Abstract
Objective:
To assess the effectiveness of managed care plans that limited access to infusion biologics via a step therapy policy. 相似文献10.
由于药品的特殊性,故人们在日常生活中往往难以获取相关的药品知识,药品广告封指导合理用药、安全用药起着至关重要的作用。所以真实合法的广告宣传对药品的推广使用,能起到有效的促进作用,否则将误导消费者。笔者试图对此做出具体的分析。 相似文献
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1995年以来广州市产业转型特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以广州为研究对象,采用产业转型系数、主成分分析和偏离—份额方法,对1995年以来的产业转型进行分析。研究发现广州工业转型的快速时期在1999年前后,服务业随后。1995年以来广州工业内部增长速度呈现差异,竞争优势行业发生变化,但主导产业仍未发生更替。服务业内部增长也呈现较大差异,正逐步向高端化转型,生产性服务业的地位大幅度提升。广州产业转型目前还处于初始阶段,无论是工业还是服务业,其转型还需经历较长的时期,在这个过程中,传统产业对经济发展仍起重要作用。最后,提出了大力发展战略新兴产业、积极发展现代服务业、改造提升传统产业等产业转型的建议。 相似文献
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中国的城市化是在严重滞后于工业化的大背景下推进的,产业结构调整与城市化进程的互动关系,与较同步完成工业化与城市化的发达国家相比,会呈现出一些新的特点。文章基于1978-2012年的时间序列数据,利用VAR模型和脉冲响应函数的计量方法,研究了我国城市化与产业结构高级化及合理化之间的互动路径。实证研究发现:从长期影响方向来看,产业结构合理化和高级化演变在长期对城市化水平的提升均具有正向效应;从因果关系来看,产业结构高级化引致城市化,城市化带来产业结构合理化水平提升;从互动影响程度来看,与产业结构合理化与城市化的互动影响相比,产业结构高级化与城市化的互动影响要更显著。在此基础上,提出通过三次产业结构优化升级,巩固城市化发展的基础、扩大城市化发展的规模、提升城市化发展的质量的政策建议。 相似文献
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生产性服务业与制造业互动关系研究 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
关于生产性服务业与制造业的关系有多种观点,但二者相互依赖、唇齿相依的双向互动关系越来越成为学界的共识。从专业分工与外包、生产价值链、生态群落的角度,可以剖析生产性服务业与制造业互动的机制,并总结出二者互动共生的模型:中心型互动共生模型、金字塔型互动共生模型、平行型互动共生模型以及嵌套型互动共生模型。一个重要的挑战是,中国新型工业化道路中如何通过二者互动,使生产性服务业促进制造业的转型升级,并选择促进生产性服务业与制造业互动的战略路径。 相似文献
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Rory Horner 《New Political Economy》2013,18(3):384-406
The debate surrounding the World Trade Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement indicates that patents matter for development. Yet literature on the geography of knowledge transfer shows that knowledge is spatially sticky, suggesting that the impact of patents can be exaggerated. Using interview evidence, this paper explores how Indian pharmaceutical firms have responded to changes in patent law, including the introduction of more extensive patent protection in 2005 as a condition of TRIPs. A regime of limited patent protection for over three decades prior to TRIPs facilitated informal knowledge transfer and the emergence of a pharmaceutical industry with significant domestic capabilities. Contrary to some expectations, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has continued to grow post-TRIPs, with large domestic firms becoming involved in more formal technology transfer as part of an increasingly collaborative relationship with multinationals. This trend is also driven by a focus on the markets of developed countries, raising questions for the future sustainability of India's low-priced medicines. While changes in patent law can facilitate or inhibit a variety of aspects of development, the adaptation of the Indian pharmaceutical industry suggests that their impact must be related to the broader institutional setting, particularly the underlying domestic capabilities. 相似文献
16.
戈松雪 《全球科技经济瞭望》2010,25(2):66-72
印度政府比较早地认识到了生物技术对于发展经济和保障民生所具有的巨大潜力,本文分析研究了印度为发展生物技术所采取的方针政策和措施及其取得的成效,包括在政府中设立的主管部门,制定的生物技术发展战略,实施的多项促进生物技术发展计划,突出介绍了生物农业、生物制药等领域取得的成绩,在注重人才培养、搭建平台、推动生物技术成果转化等方面的经验,同时也提出了印度发展生物技术面临的机遇和挑战。 相似文献
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进入知识经济时代,员工成为企业知识创新的主要承担者,因此很多研究关注如何激励和促进员工的个人创新。认为个人创新既可能成为企业知识创新的推动因素,也可能成为阻碍因素。企业对知识创新的重视会增加员工以知识为基础的个人权力,这可能会带来企业内部组织政治行为的增加,形成知识创新的内耗。因此,企业在强调激励个人创新的同时,也要注意约束知识创新所带来的个人权力。 相似文献
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随着我国社会主义现代化建设的推进,我国迎来了全面建设社会主义新农村,构建和谐社会的新时期。同时,县域经济的大发展为县域社会的和谐建设提供了新契机。因此,发展县域民主,改革传统落后的政治文化体制,成为了构建和谐社会的重要一环。 相似文献
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Valeria Mastrostefano 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(8):729-741
The article investigates the employment effects of technology. A set of models is developed where changes in industry-level employment are explained by changes in demand, wages, by the diffusion of innovation and its market impact. The empirical test uses data from two EU innovation surveys – CIS (Community Innovation Survey) 2 (1994–1996) and CIS 3 (1998–2000) – on 10 industrial sectors and 10 European countries. The results of the models show the importance to discriminate between different strategies for innovation, between high- and low-innovation industries, and between short-term labour market effects and the long-term impact of structural change. 相似文献