国内需求：景气恢复 前喜后忧

在过去的2002年度和2003年度，日本经济已保持了连续两年的恢复性增长，这使得关注日本经济的人们依稀看到了景气恢复的曙光。那么，这一希望之光最终能否驱散笼罩日本经济10年之久的阴霾，目前各方看法仍不尽一致。在此情况之下，2004年日本经济的表现就显得尤为引人注目。     

2003：脆弱复苏中的日本经济——总体：萧条过底 景气待为

2003年日本经济呈现出复苏的迹象，国内外专家、学者对此极为关注。但是，对日本经济走势的分析目前还尚难定论，还需要透过现象进行深入的研究。为此，我们组织了吉林大学东北亚研究中心日本研究方面的有关专家、学者从总体、内需、财政、货币金融、国际贸易、国际直接投资、产业国际竞争力和企业雇佣等角度，对2003年的日本经济进行了回顾与分析，并在此基础上，对日本经济今后的走势进行了展望。     

世界经济放缓将持续到2006年

最近，世界银行发表的《2005年全球发展金融》报告指出，2004年是全球经济增长强劲的一年，尤其是发展中国家，创下了30多年来最快的经济增长速度。全球的经济复苏得以加强，很大程度上来自于美国和亚洲，尤其是中国：而且经济复苏的范围也得以扩大，拉丁美洲出现了回升，日本经济在加速，同时欧洲也处于温和的复苏之中。在有利的全球经济环境和强劲的国内经济表现的推动下，发展中国家2004年吸引国际资本比2003年有所放慢．以以下四大因素表明，世界经济正在放缓、减速，这一趋势将持续到2006年。     

利用外资——平稳增长

从国际经济环境来看，存在着有利于国际直接投资继续增长的因素和条件。首先，在美国经济复苏、企业收益提高和股市上升等因素的影响下，2004年全球直接投资结束了2001年以来连续三年的下滑趋势，实现了2％左右的增长。市场普遍认为国际直接投资将从此进入新一轮增长周期，2005年以来并购投资的增长趋势也确实说明了这一点。     

浅谈日元国际化

战后，以美元荒、美元过剩和美元危机为标志，展示了美国经济由繁盛到衰落的历史。1968年，日本一跃成为翼第二经济大国，接着又超越美国，成为世界头号债权大国。美国、西欧和日本形成了西方的三个经济中心。到70年代到，在国际货币领域出现了美元、欧洲货币体系和日元三个贷币中心。美元作为老的货币中心，虽见衰落，但仍发挥着老大的作用；欧洲货币体系自1979年3月创立，随着1992年欧洲统一大市场的逼近和欧共体各国的努力，也取得了长足的进展；而日本随着在世界经济和国际金融中地位的迅速提高，日元在国际结算、国际储备和国际信贷中，正发挥着越来越重要的作用，日元国际化业已取得很大进展。此时，对日元国际化问题进行研究，探讨其得失，借鉴其成败，的确是一件有益的工作。     

关于国际经济一体化理论的几个问题

关于国际经济一体化思想的产生时间，国内学者普遍接受了英国经济学家阿格拉的说法，即国际经济一体化这一概念在西方经济学文献中最早出现于１９４２年。①但实际上，国际经济一体化思想的萌生以及概念的明确提出要远早于此。同时，随着几十年国际经济一体化实践的不断加...     

关于中日经济规模的国际比较

本研究主要讨论中国与日本的经济规模比较。在综述了各研究者对中国国际可比CDP 的测算方法和结果的基础上,以1995年为基年用生产法测算了中日的可直接比较行业的双边购买力平价(PPP),并利用三种方法测算了非直接比较行业的 PPP 以得到国民经济总体的 PPP,利用增长率法和 GDP 减缩指数法推算了1996～2004年日本的以人民币表示的 GDP。本文发现至少从2003年开始,中国 GDP 与日本相当,在2004年,中国的 GDP 是日本的1.03～1.11倍。     

2003:脆弱复苏中的日本经济

2003年日本经济呈现出复苏的迹象,国内外专家、学者对此极为关注。但是,对日本经济走势的分析目前还尚难定论,还需要透过现象进行深入的研究。为此,我们组织了吉林大学东北亚研究中心日本研究方面的有关专家、学者从总体、内需、财政、货币金融、国际贸易、国际直接投资、产业国际竞争力和企业雇佣等角度,对2003年的日本经济进行了回顾与分析,并在此基础上,对日本经济今后的走势进行了展望。     

日本的发展和世界经济的不平衡——兼论日本的国际经济政策课题

在探讨世界经济的未来趋势时,国际经济体系如何协调——日本对此应做出怎样的贡献,是一个带有根本性的问题。 深刻的国际经济力量的消长变化 近20年来,国际经济体系中的力量对比呈现了历史空前的变化,这在日美两国的经济水平的升沉中有最透彻的体现。由于20世纪30年代以来美国在国际经济中具有举足轻重的地位,因此日本经济力量的对外倾轧、上升在很大程度上导致美国经济影响下降的过程,反映了世界经济发展具有历史性转折的深刻意义。     

国际交流动态

12月26日，日本经济产业研究所副所长高原一郎率代表团来我中心进行学术交流。经济产业研究所有关专家就日本技术创新政策和养老保险制度等发表演讲。中心社会发展研究部部长丁宁宁、技术经济研究部部长吕薇以及有关研究部、所的研究人员与会并和日方专家进行了讨论。国际合作局孙兰兰局长还就2007年双方机构合作事宜与日方交换了意见。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.     

Stature growth in industrializing Argentina: The Buenos Aires industrial belt 1916-1950

A sustained long-term increase in average stature accompanied the process of import-substituting industrialization in the main suburban area of Argentina, the Buenos Aires Conurbano. This gain in net nutrition was attained before the rise to power of a re-distributionist political party: the Peronists. The article also provides evidence of a decline in average heights during the period 1939-1945, which challenges us to revise the traditional wisdom about the impact of World War II and Peronist social policies and its implications for the nutrition and health of children. The new evidence on heights shows also persistent social and regional differences over time that had not been documented before.     

The Transfer of Property Rights from the Public to the Private Sector in Hong Kong: A Critical Assessment

Abstract

The privatization idea may have lost some of its luster in recent years, but it remains relevant in today's socio-economic environment and is pursued consistently in industrialized and industrializing countries alike. Hong Kong has followed the general pattern in a manner reflecting its particular circumstances and its institutional modus operandi. The underlying logic may not appear highly compelling, from a short-term perspective, yet there are sound grounds for approaching the task positively, if viewed from a multi-year standpoint. Rather surprisingly, for such a quintessentially capitalist society, Hong Kong has not confronted the privatization challenge astutely on the political front and has handled it somewhat mechanically in managerial terms. The benefits to the community may have thus been more modest than one could legitimately expect, given the historical backdrop.     

Measuring performance: Ranking state success over two decades in India

This paper proposes new composite measures of relative and dynamic state performance to improve governance and delivery of public programs in developing countries with a federal structure. We illustrate the use of the indices to rank the performance of 19 major Indian states on two large development programs launched by the Indian government over the last two decades using publicly available data. Although we find volatility in performance over time, there exists a positive correlation between measures of initial (administrative) state capacity, development and accountability with program outcomes. Our findings have important implications for both the design and implementation of large-scale public programs across developing countries.