Work Incentives and Labor Supply Effects of the ‘Mini-Jobs Reform’ in Germany

We analyze the work incentives and labor supply effects of the so-called mini-jobs reform (subsidies of social security contributions to people with low-earnings jobs) introduced in Germany in April 2003. The analysis is based on a structural labor supply model embedded in a detailed tax-benefit microsimulation model for which we use the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Our simulation results show that the likely employment effects of the mini-jobs reform will be small. The small positive participation effect is outweighed by a negative hours effect among already employed workers. The fiscal effects of the reform are also likely to be negative. We conclude that the analyzed mini-jobs reform is not an effective policy to increase employment of people with low earnings capacity.*We thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) for financial support under the research program Flexibilisierungspotenziale bei heterogenen Arbeitsmärkten (project STE 681/5-1).     

国际贸易与城市化的相关性及其贡献的计量研究

国际贸易与城市化均属于资源在空间和产业维度的配置过程,二者通过工业化发生联系.中国的工业化表现为劳动力的非农化,工业产值与城市化水平之间存在耦合关系.本文建立了开放条件下工业化内生决定的城市化模型,从而为计算国际贸易对城市化水平的贡献提供了比较静态的分析方法.研究表明,国际贸易是推动中国城市化快速发展的重要因素.     

中国服务贸易在世界地位的实证研究

近年来我国的服务贸易总量已经位居世界前列,那么是否服务贸易的竞争力也是名列前茅呢?为了对我国服务贸易的国际竞争力进行比较全面的分析和评价,笔者对我国服务贸易的进行了多角度的比较分析.首先,从其自身发展的过程来看,自2000-2010年我国服务贸易一直是不断处于增长,且其增速水平超过了世界服务贸易的平均增长水平,但是仍然处于逆差地位,贸易结构也是以传统的服务贸易为主,说明我国服务贸易一方面是由于我国经济的飞速发展对服务贸易进口的需求不断提高,另一方面也说明我国的服务贸易竞争力处于相对弱势地位,竞争力有待提高.同时,本文对2000-2010年期间服务贸易和货物贸易的发展作了比较,相对于货物贸易来说,我国服务贸易的发展还是相对落后,处于弱势地位.第二部分,本文运用了贸易竞争力指数、显性比较优势指数和显示性比较优势指数等指标对我国的服务贸易竞争优势进行定量分析,指标数据显示我国服务贸易的竞争力在世界处于弱势地位,其提升道路任重而道远.     

欧美和中国对技术性贸易壁垒的研究综述

鉴于技术性贸易壁垒对世界经济和国际贸易的重要影响,各国学者都对技术性贸易壁垒问题进行了大量研究,并取得了丰硕的成果,这为相关国家和地区的政策制定提供了很好的决策参考。欧美发达国家是技术性贸易壁垒的发祥地,也最早从事技术性贸易壁垒研究。早在19世纪60年代,欧共体就意识到技术性贸易壁垒对国际贸易的限制作用,并于1969年制定了《消除商品贸易中技术性壁垒的一般性纲领》,第一次提出了在国际贸易中制定技术性贸易壁垒的贸易规则。美国随之向GATT建议拟定关于技术性贸易壁垒的协议。我国虽然遭遇技术性贸易壁垒的案例早已有之,但…     

Optimal Environmental Tax and Level of Privatization in an International Duopoly

This paper explores the optimal environmental tax and level of privatization in an international duopolistic market. We show that when the government is able to control the environmental tax and the extent of privatization, the optimal environmental tax is lower than the standard Pigouvian level. We also show that the optimal level of privatization of state-owned enterprises is partial privatization. Further, the optimal level of privatization is inversely dependent on the cleanup cost of past environmental contamination.     

创新型国家建设的战略思考

创新型国家建设的关键在于形成结构合理、运行高效的国家创新体系。本文从国家创新体系的主体——政府、企业、大学与科研院所、中介机构以及创新载体高新区产业集群出发,阐述了各自在国家创新体系中的定位及具体的政策建议。     

International asset prices and portfolio choices under Bayesian learning

We calculate equilibrium asset prices and portfolio choices from a two-country OLG international asset pricing model under the assumption that investors are on a Bayesian learning path. Investors from both countries receive identical information flows, but domestic investors start off with less precise priors concerning foreign fundamentals. Learning is shown to produce first-order effects on the properties of asset prices, in the form of increased equity returns, volatility clustering, and time-varying correlations across national stock markets. Moreover, on a learning path, estimation risk generates portfolio biases similar to those observed empirically, i.e. a strong preference towards domestic securities and excessive turnover in foreign securities. These findings are robust to changes in prior beliefs, the calibration of initial information asymmetries, and the parameterization of the model. We use real GDP data for the US and Europe to calibrate the model and show that in the event of a financial liberalization during the 1970s, high excess returns, time-varying volatility, substantial home bias, and excess turnover should have been observed.     

环境成本内在化对发展中国家的影响及对策

随着世界经济的发展和全球范围内环境保护浪潮的兴起,可持续发展已经成为国际社会的共识,环境成本内在化则是一种必然趋势,发展中国家的环境污染和过度使用的状况已经非常严重,如果不及时治理,会危及生存和发展.由于各国经济发展水平不一,发展中国家的环境标准相对较低,内在化的外部成本增长率较小,产品的国际竞争力较强,利润的增长率较大,被发达国家认为是"生态倾销",被贸易保护主义者利用;目前,制定一套有理、有度、有节、操作性强,能被广泛接受的国际准则来规范和推动环境成本内在化十分必要,特别是发展中国家更应积极地采取对策,协调贸易发展与环境保护的关系.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦对外贸易流量经验分析

贸易引力模型是进行国际贸易实证研究的一个重要工具。依据贸易引力模型对吉尔吉斯斯坦与其主要贸易伙伴的双边贸易流量进行的分析表明,邻国因素、是否为独联体成员和国民经济规模是影响吉尔吉斯斯坦对外贸易的主要因素,薄弱的国民经济基础和落后的交通基础设施对吉尔吉斯斯坦发展对外贸易的制约很大,吉尔吉斯斯坦外贸主要依赖于矿产品的开发。     

Trade and Global Income Inequality with Frictional Labor Markets: A Lesson from the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement

This paper develops a two-country trade model with frictional labor market structures to investigate the link between increased openness to trade and cross-country income inequality. Calibrated to US–Canadian data, the model simulation results show that the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement benefited Canada, the country with relatively higher capital intensity, more due to its capacity to flexibly expand in response to an increase in product demand. The results from counterfactual experiments indicate that increased capital intensity in the US is expected to increase gains from trade in both countries while making the distribution of gains less unequal.     

人民币汇率与股价动态相关性的研究——基于次贷危机前后的比较分析

本文基于2005年8月至2010年6月的月度数据,利用协整检验和向量误差修正模型研究了次贷危机发生前后人民币名义有效汇率与股票价格之间的联动关系。实证结果表明,次贷危机发生前中国股市与汇率之间存在正向的长期均衡关系,且两者之间在长期互为因果关系;在次贷危机发生后两者之间则是反向的长期均衡关系,股价波动在长期内是人民币名义有效汇率变动的单向Granger原因。最后本文基于人民币名义有效汇率的计算方法及其影响因素,利用资产组合平衡模型、国际贸易等相关理论对实证结果进行了分析。     

我国发展服务贸易的对策研究

随着服务业在我国产业结构中比重的增大,服务贸易在我国对外贸易中的地位也越来越重要。本文分析了我国服务贸易的发展现状,指出了我国服务贸易中存在的问题,并从参与国际竞争的角度,提出我国发展服务贸易的对策和建议。旨在使服务贸易在经济增长中发挥出更重要的作用。     

Expanding international trade beyond the RTA border: The case of ASEAN's economic diplomacy

We examine the roles of regional trade agreements (RTAs) not only in regionalization processes but also in globalization of trade. Results from various specifications of the gravity equation model confirm that a country can noticeably increase directional trade through diplomatic relations as well as through membership.     

中国遭遇国际贸易摩擦的必然性与合理性研究

2008年全球性金融危机之后,贸易保护主义重新抬头,中国遭遇的国际贸易摩擦愈演愈烈。但是通过贸易理论分析和世界经济、中国经济的发展实践来看,中国遭遇国际贸易摩擦有其必然性和合理性,它是中国经济和对外贸易所处历史阶段下的必然产物,国际贸易摩擦有其存在的合理性。     

Disentangling the migration-trade nexus: the pro-trade effects of immigrants and emigrants in the presence of vertical and horizontal product differentiation

This paper presents an exploration of the migration-trade nexus taking the case of Italy by crossing the two dimensions of migration (immigration and emigration) and the two dimensions of intra-industry trade (vertical and horizontal). This empirical strategy proves useful in refining interpretation of econometric results. In general, we find that both immigration and emigration are positively and significantly related to intra-industry trade. However, the magnitude and the statistical significance of the impact of migration on trade vary, depending on the type of trade flows considered (vertical or horizontal), the direction of migration (immigration or emigration) and the partner countries considered (OECD or non-OECD). In particular, we find that immigrants from non-OECD countries have a positive and significant impact on both ‘variety trade’ and ‘quality trade’, while immigrants from OECD countries significantly affect ‘variety trade’ only. Emigrants to non-OECD countries have positive effect only on ‘variety trade’. These findings are largely consistent with predictions deriving from theoretical models of intra-industry trade and from the literature on migration-trade nexus.