后工业时代从福利国家到社会投资转型及启示

后工业化时代,欧洲福利国家面临去工业化和第三产业就业带来的失业、女性劳动参与率提高、家庭结构不稳定、无法协调家庭与工作等新社会风险。通过实证分析发现,后工业化进程中福利国家或多或少转向社会投资政策。北欧社会民主主义国家在此过程中走得最远,成功地将积极的社会投资政策与传统福利国家"消极补偿型"福利政策相结合。借鉴欧洲福利国家经验,我国应该大力推动人力资本投资,完善社会保障制度,提高劳动力市场安全性,鼓励终身教育与延迟退休或灵活退休政策相结合,并系统策划、实施针对儿童的社会投资政策。     

社会排斥、贫困和失业

本文主要分析了社会排斥、贫困和失业三者之间的关系,提出了社会排斥概念的三个要素：(1)相对性;(2)能动性;(3)动态性。在着重讨论了社会保障收入对社会排斥的影响以及雇主在劳动力市场上的作用之后,文章认为社会保障收入是重要的,不能取消社会保障收入项目。社会排斥不仅与失业有关,而且政府政策也可能影响社会排斥,有必要检验所有政策建议对提高社会融合的作用。     

论社会排斥

“社会排斥”目前已经成为西方社会政策的研究重点。本文考察了社会排斥与贫困、能力剥夺之间的关系，论述了能力剥夺的关系特征，并指出“社会排斥”兼具建构性和工具性两种特征。最后，文章分析了“社会排斥”的多样性，讨论了不平等与关系贫困、劳动力市场上的排斥、信贷市场上的排斥、与性别相关的排斥与不平等、医疗保健、食品市场与贫困等问题。     

中国农民工社会政策调整的实践逻辑——秩序理性、结构性不平等与政策转型

中国农民工社会政策的调整体现了不同利益集团的社会结构地位和话语策略,体现了国家以城市空间保护为策略的理性秩序的建构逻辑,体现了城市化运动中现代城市主义的发展逻辑和发展主义的意识形态,体现了现代化战略的推进策略和国家在不同历史阶段的利益重新分配和资源的重新控制过程。文章认为,中国农民工社会政策的调整是建立在以城乡二元结构为基础的户籍制度的框架之中的,应该从问题取向、福利取向走向发展取向和社会整合取向,从生存型的社会政策走向发展型的社会政策,构建城乡一体化的社会政策模式,实现从生存—经济政策框架向身份—政治政策框架的转向,反对社会排斥、消除贫困和社会不平等。     

西方社会排斥理论的向度及其启示

第二次世界大战后,欧洲经济经历了20多年的高速发展,经济结构和产业结构历经深刻调整,阶级阶层结构和社会利益关系出现了很大变化,也产生了许多社会问题,特别是出现了明显的“社会排斥”的现象.社会排斥包括不平等与关系贫困、劳动力市场上的排斥、信贷市场上的排斥、医疗保健、食品市场与贫困等.社会排斥现象的主要属性有多向度性、动态性、相对性、能动性、资源约束性.西方社会排斥理论对于我国社会主义和谐社会的建设有着借鉴作用和深刻的启示.     

当代中国社会阶层构成变化对社会发展的影响

当代中国社会阶层构成的变化既是历史进步和社会发展的必然结果,又对社会发展具有多方面的、持久的影响。这种影响既有积极的一面,同时也给社会发展带来了一系列问题。因此,我们应当积极采取有效措施,在努力促进社会阶层现代化的同时遏制变化过程中可能产生的弊端。     

贫困、不平等与民主:后共产主义福利国家的实践

在艰难的转型过程中,有些后共产主义福利国家出现了社会政策匮乏问题,凸显出民主治理的重要性。当后共产主义福利国家从过渡时期进入到一个新的时代后,又面临着一系列新的挑战,例如,老龄化社会、出生率急剧下降、特殊群体贫困和国家结构等问题,这需要通过民主治理来加以应对。     

社会资本、扶贫政策与贫困家庭福利——基于贵州贫困地区农村家户调查的分层线性回归分析

根据社会资本分层、数据嵌套的特征,采用分层线性模型,利用贵州省贫困地区农村家户的调查数据,分析不同层级的社会资本影响包括扶贫政策在内的中间变量、进而对家庭福利产生的不同效应及其交互作用。研究表明,在物质资本和人力资本都比较贫瘠的农村贫困地区,社会资本在一定程度上发挥了"穷人资本"的功能,其减轻贫困、改善家庭福利的作用不仅显著,而且还存在进一步发挥的空间。     

贫困范式的演变及其理论和政策意义

贫困范式可以分为四类：收入贫困范式认为贫困是一种生活状态，在该状态下，个人或家庭领先劳动所得和其他合法收入不能维持其基本的生存需要。能力贫困范式声称，贫困的真正含义是创造收入的能力和机会的贫困。脆弱性范式强调穷人易于暴露在冲击、压力和风险之下，以及缺乏相应的防御能力。社会排斥范式则认为社会排斥能导致参与社会生活能力的失败，因而构成了贫困的重要方面。贫困范式的发展为反贫困政策提供了更多的选择。     

社会倾销与反社会倾销政策的贸易效应分析

本文基于战略环境-贸易理论建立南北两国博弈模型,分析了社会倾销的贸易效应,发现社会倾销对南方国家和全球福利有利,但于北方国家不利。北方国家为此可以选择劳工标准、社会条款和反社会倾销税三种政策。本文重点分析比较了这三种政策的贸易效应,结果表明:就抵消社会倾销给北方国家带来的负面贸易效应而言,社会条款与反社会倾销税的机制作用是正向的,劳工标准政策则与之相反。南方国家应主动优先选择提高劳工标准或提高劳动生产率,而不是实施社会倾销。北方国家如面对南方国家出口的社会倾销,应优先选择社会条款或反社会倾销税等政策以消除南方国家社会倾销引起的不公平竞争。     

Poverty and social exclusion: two sides of the same coin or dynamically interrelated processes?

There is growing interest in the analysis and measurement of social exclusion, to complement the static and dynamic literature on income poverty. On theoretical grounds, social exclusion and income poverty are seen as different processes, but with closely interrelated dynamics. However, our empirical understanding of the way these two processes dynamically interact at the individual level is still very limited. To shed some light on the issue, we use a dynamic bivariate probit model, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and Wooldridge (2005)-type initial conditions. Both the first- and second-order Markov dynamics are examined. We estimate the model using the Italian sample of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), waves 1–8, and find a sizable extent of state dependence in both poverty and social exclusion. Moreover, there are dynamic cross-effects implying that poverty and social exclusion are mutually reinforcing. Social policies aimed at eradicating poverty and avoiding individuals’ social and economic marginalization should take these interaction effects explicitly into account.     

Rethinking multidimensional poverty through a multi-criteria analysis

The risk of poverty or social exclusion constitutes the pivotal multidimensional indicator of living conditions in the European Union. Nevertheless, it only reports the proportion of individuals at risk and disregards the depth of poverty. The indicator therefore overlooks situations of possible vulnerable groups just above the threshold and is not sensitive to all dimensions in which the individual is at risk. In this paper we propose an alternative multi-criteria based approach that overcomes these problems. Our measure captures information about the level of achievement in each dimension of all persons along the distribution and evaluates to what extent the concurrence of multiple deprivations reinforces their disadvantage. This approach permits diverse ways of aggregation with different degrees of substitutability among the achievements of each dimension according to context-specific social preferences. We illustrate our approach with an empirical analysis of 28 countries using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions database for 2016. The results reveal that work intensity may be regarded as the most determining factor in analyses of multidimensional poverty across European countries. Our measures unmask how countries with similar proportions of individuals at risk of poverty or social exclusion hide very different conditions of multidimensional poverty and highlight the variety of socioeconomic realities existing behind the dichotomy imposed by the usual ‘at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ rate.     

社会排斥对地位消费行为倾向的影响

情境因素会导致消费者心理状态发生变化,对他们后续消费行为产生影响。基于自我肯定理论,本文探讨了社会排斥这一情境因素对消费者地位消费行为倾向的影响机理,认为消费者需要借助地位消费行为带来的自我肯定效用,以提升由社会排斥导致的自我价值感知威胁而诱发的自尊感知下降。以MBA、公司员工、在校本科生为被试,通过四项实验研究,本文发现,社会排斥能对消费者的地位消费行为倾向产生促进作用;此促进作用通过自我价值感知和自尊感知的链式中介效应传导;遭遇社会排斥后,若获得其他途径的自我肯定机会,则此促进作用会减弱。     

社会资本对家庭"因病致贫"有显著减缓作用吗?—基于大病冲击下的微观经验证据

文章在理论假说基础上,利用2013年CHARLS数据,采用Probit和工具变量模型,实证检验了多维社会资本在大病冲击下是否仍能起到显著减缓贫困的作用.结果表明:在没有大病冲击时,社会资本均可以起到显著的减贫作用.但大病冲击前后,社会资本对贫困发生率的影响结果存在差异.社会资本降低贫困发生率的结果为:个人社会活动每增加0.1分,其大病冲击前后的贫困率分别降低5.1%和7.5%;每增加1个社区活动场所,大病冲击前后的贫困率可分别降低0.71%和1.63%;亲友经济往来金额每增加50%,大病冲击前后的贫困率可分别降低11.9%和3.9%;家庭照料不受大病冲击的影响,且有被减弱的可能性;家庭借贷减贫作用始终不显著.即社会资本对家庭因病致贫具有显著减缓作用,与不同社会经济状况人群交往的"桥型"社会资本比家庭亲友内部交往的"结型"社会资本的减贫作用更强.文章为重视培育以家庭为主体的社会资本,发挥其非正式制度治理因病致贫的作用提供了微观经验证据.     

The Forms and Determinants of Social Exclusion in the European Union: The Case of Luxemburg

The paper investigates the social exclusion process in the European Union (EU), particularly in Luxemburg, addressing both conceptual and empirical issues. It examines aspects such as: the most appropriate definition of social exclusion for the case of Luxemburg, the way economic and social disadvantages cumulate within the social exclusion process, and the main determinants of social exclusion, income poverty and deprivation. To analyze the topics mentioned above, different econometric models have been applied.

以发展的新思维促进农村贫困治理

在贫困治理进入后攻坚时期,适当调整扶贫策略,将传统的单纯依靠经济增长治理贫困的模式逐步转向具有发展理念、融合社会政策与经济政策为一体的资产社会政策模式,早已成为时代要求。具有资产建设性质的社会保障个人资产账户,能够帮助贫困群体进行资产积累,进而在理财、教育、住房、医疗、养老等领域有着无可比拟的综合功能,因此在当前及未来的贫困治理工作中应有重要担当。     

Social insurance and social justice—Another look at the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs

This paper analyzes social insurance programs in the United States to determine if they support the principles of social justice, with special emphasis on the principle of preferential treatment of the poor. The paper also examines the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs. The major conclusions are the following: (1) social insurance programs generally are consistent with the principles of social justice, but parts of certain programs clearly violate the norms of social justice; (2) social insurance programs are especially powerful in reducing the poverty rate and poverty gap for the elderly, but are generally ineffective in reducing the poverty rate for single-parent families with related children under age 18; (3) social insurance programs have only a minor impact in reducing the poverty rate among married-couple families with related children under age 18; and (4) although the Social Security payroll results in a small increase in the poverty rate, social insurance programs are especially effective in reducing income inequality.     

A social economist’s search for justice: Comment

This paper analyzes social insurance programs in the United States to determine if they support the principles of social justice, with special emphasis on the principle of preferential treatment of the poor. The paper also examines the antipoverty effects of social insurance programs. The major conclusions are the following: (1) social insurance programs generally are consistent with the principles of social justice, but parts of certain programs clearly violate the norms of social justice; (2) social insurance programs are especially powerful in reducing the poverty rate and poverty gap for the elderly, but are generally ineffective in reducing the poverty rate for single-parent families with related children under age 18; (3) social insurance programs have only a minor impact in reducing the poverty rate among married-couple families with related children under age 18; and (4) although the Social Security payroll results in a small increase in the poverty rate, social insurance programs are especially effective in reducing income inequality.     

A preliminary theoretical examination of the targeted public distribution system in India

A theoretical model of targeting in the public distribution system is set out. In any system of targeting there could be inclusion and exclusion errors. These errors could be reduced by search by the state. The state aims to minimise the costs of food administration subject to keeping the magnitude of the exclusion error bounded. Targeting involves a consideration of the objective poverty level, the official poverty level and the targeted poverty level by the state. The targeted poverty level could be less than the official poverty level if the extent of search is not adequate. The objective poverty level is an increasing function of the above poverty line issue price of food due to exclusion errors, a decreasing function of the procurement price of food and by definition the below poverty line issue price of food. The instruments in the hands of the state are the official poverty level, the above poverty line issue price for food, the procurement price of food and the extent of search. The comparative static implications of the model are set out.     

More Relatively‐Poor People in a Less Absolutely‐Poor World

Relative deprivation, shame, and social exclusion can matter to the welfare of people everywhere. The paper argues that such social effects on welfare call for a reconsideration of how we assess global poverty. We argue for using a weakly‐relative measure as the upper‐bound complement to the lower‐bound provided by a standard absolute measure. New estimates of poverty are presented. The absolute line is $1.25 a day at 2005 prices, while the relative line rises with the mean, at a gradient of 1:2 above $1.25 a day, consistently with national poverty lines. We find that the incidence of both absolute and weakly‐relative poverty in the developing world has been falling since the 1990s, but more slowly for the relative measure. While the number of absolutely poor has fallen, the number of relatively poor has changed little since the 1990s, and is higher in 2008 than 1981.