Corporate Governance Reforms in India

In recent years India has been moving further in the direction of adopting an Anglo-American model of corporate governance. This decision, the result more of international economic and political pressures than public debate, in effect represents a new development strategy for the world's most populous democracy. In light of this situation, it is important to ask two basic questions: 1) why has the Anglo-American model of corporate governance been adopted? and; 2) can it be justified? This paper addresses the first of these questions by distinguish and examining three historical models of governance in India: 1) the managing agency model in the colonial period; 2) the business house model that emerged after independence, and; 3) the Anglo-American model which has recently been adopted (and is still emerging). The second question is approached through an examination of the "development impact" of the new model, as indicated by such measures as growth, employment and respect for shareholder rights.     

商业伦理的构建——公司治理的一个视角

在经济飞速发展的今天,商业伦理正越来越受到高度重视。商业伦理本身并不具有法律意义上的强制性,但它具有道德意义上的导向性和自我约束性,是一个企业乃至一个商业社会和谐、长远发展的基石。同时,商业伦理也是人们在追求商业利益过程中应当遵循的道德原则。     

商事经营判断规则与我国公司法人治理结构之完善

通过对商事经营判断规则的内容解读和问题分析,揭示了商事经营判断规则的基本涵义:一方面保障董事的经营决策权;另一方面也对董事的行为准则提出了严格的要求。进一步讨论我国应如何引入和借鉴商事经营判断规则的成功经验,以及该规则对完善我国公司法人治理结构的意义。     

Corporate Governance in Brazil

Corporate governance is an issue of growing importance in developing economies, as many firms pass through significant transformations due to the combined forces of sociopolitical changes, technological progress and economic trends toward globalization. These elements, along with the structural characteristics of developing economies such as less developed capital markets and governmental interventionism, draw a picture for corporate governance practices that may, in some aspects, be fundamentally different from the practices found in European or North American contexts. In this paper we review and discuss the state of corporate governance practices in Brazil, focusing on how the governance structure of Brazilian firms has been subjected to important changes in the recent past and how even more changes are expected to happen.     

Corporate Governance in Mexico

This paper looks broadly at the theme of corporate governance in Mexico. It begins with a brief analysis of the historical corporate governance model in Mexico, including the governance structures, the banking and financial systems, ownership and control patterns, industrial policy, and industrial relations. The paper then examines how and why these various aspects of corporate governance have been changing with processes of economic liberalization currently under way. Finally, it analyzes the consequences of changes in the model of corporate governance for the country's development (e.g. increased consumer goods for middle class consumers, increased disclosure by domestic corporations, less support for corporate social programs, etc.).     

Corporate Governance in Nigeria

In recent years, international economic pressures have induced Nigeria to adopt a program of economic liberalization and deregulation. Advocates of the reforms tout their potential not only for generating greater economic growth, but also for contributing to more responsible corporate governance. Sceptics abound. This paper provides an account of the nature of corporate governance in Nigeria and investigates the prospects for recent reforms contributing to more responsible governance and development.     

Corporate Governance and Ethics: A Feminist Perspective

The mainstream literature on corporate governance is based on the premise of conflicts of interest in a competitive game played by variously defined stakeholders and thus builds explicitly and/or implicitly on masculinist ethical theories. This article argues that insights from feminist ethics, and in particular ethics of care, can provide a different, yet relevant, lens through which to study corporate governance. Based on feminist ethical theories, the article conceptualises a governance model that is different from the current normative orthodoxy.     

公司财务治理研究综述

公司治理是一个国际性的前沿课题。财务治理是公司治理的核心。我国对公司治理的研究是从20世纪90年代开始的,财务治理的研究还处于初级阶段,深入研究财务治理理论和实践具有重要的理论和实践意义。其主要内容包括财务治理的研究背景;财务治理的研究动态;财务治理理论的发展方向。     

Resource Extraction Industries in Developing Countries

Over the last one hundred and fifty years, the extraction and processing of non-renewable resources has provided the basis for the three industrial revolutions that have led to the modern economies of the developed world. In the process, the nature of resource extraction firms has also changed dramatically, from small-scale operations exploiting easily accessible deposits to large, vertically integrated, capital intensive transnational corporations characterized by oligopolistic competition. In the last ten to fifteen years, coinciding with processes of economic globalization, another major change has been occurring as resource extraction industries have been shifting their operations from developed to developing countries. This shift has greatly impacted the populations of these countries and raises a variety of ethical issues. This article investigates the nature of these changes and the ethical issues that arise, focusing in particular on the development impact of the activities of these industries and the potential adequacy of different policy approaches to regulating them.     

基于公司治理行为的企业文化建设与发展研究——以当当网为例

随着企业的不断发展,企业文化建设愈发成为公司核心竞争力,企业文化又间接引导着公司治理方向以及规范着公司治理行为。本文以当当网的公司治理行为为例,分析当当网在公司治理中存在的问题,并针对所出现的问题提出建设统一企业价值观、构建完善企业文化体系、建立第三方辅助决策机制等建议,以及处理好企业文化和公司治理之间的协同发展,旨在促进我国企业的平稳有序发展。     

Galvanising Shareholder Activism: A Prerequisite for Effective Corporate Governance and Accountability in Nigeria

Shareholder activism has been largely neglected in the few available studies on corporate governance in sub Saharan Africa. Following the recent challenges posed by the Cadbury Nigeria Plc, this paper examines shareholder activism in an evolving corporate governance institutional context and identifies strategic opportunities associated with shareholders’ empowerment through changes in code of corporate governance and recent developments in information and communications technologies in Nigeria; especially in relation to corporate social responsibility in Nigeria. It is expected that the paper would contribute to the scarce literature on corporate governance and accountability in Africa. Olufemi Amao (LLM, Warwick; LLM, Ibadan, Nigeria; LLB, OAU, Nigeria; BA, Ilorin, Nigeria; BL, NLS) is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Law, University College Cork, Ireland. He is a recipient of the President PhD Scholarship and the Department of Law Scholarship. His current research interests include Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Governance, Multinational Corporations and Human Rights. Kenneth Amaeshi is a Research Fellow at Warwick Business School. His research interests include commercialisation of intellectual property assets; governance of global innovation networks; R&D partnerships; sustainable innovation; multinational corporations and corporate social responsibility in developing economies. He is currently studying comparative political economy of corporate stakeholding and corporate social responsibility. He is the 2007 winner of the International award for excellence in the field of interdisciplinary social sciences, awarded by the international journal of interdisciplinary social sciences (Australia/USA).     

公司治理与公司管理的关系研究

理顺公司治理与公司管理的关系是企业保持持久生命力的关键。两者相互依存,又互有区别。公司治理与公司管理的相互依存来自两者之间的匹配协调,两者的区别根源在于现代企业所有权与经营权的分离。公司治理与公司管理之间的匹配协调是动态的,随着企业内外部环境的变化,两者需经适时调整,以达到新的平衡。     

Corporate Governance and Institutional Transparency in Emerging Markets

This paper posits that differences in corporate governance structure partly result from differences in institutional arrangements linked to business systems. We developed a new international triad of business systems: the Anglo-American, the Communitarian and the Emerging system, building on the frameworks of Choi et al. (British Academy of Management (Kynoch Birmingham) 1996, Management International Review 39, 257–279, 1999). A common factor determining the success of a corporate governance structure is the extent to which it is transparent to market forces. Such transparency is more than pure financial transparency; as it can also be based on factors such as governmental, banking and other types of institutional transparency mechanism. There may also be a choice for firms to adopt voluntary corporate disclosure in situations where mandatory disclosure is not established. The Asian financial crisis of 1997–1999 and the more recent corporate governance scandals such as Enron, Andersen and Worldcom in the United States and Ahold and Parmalat in Europe show that corporate governance and business ethics issues exist throughout the world. As an illustration we focus on Asia’s emerging¹ markets, as, both in view of the pressure of globalization and taking into account the institutional arrangements peculiar to the emerging business system, these issues are important there. Particularly for those who have to find an accommodation between the corporate governance structures and disclosure standards of the Emerging system and those of the Anglo-American and Communitarian systems.     

我国公司治理结构中存在的问题及其对策研究

公司治理结构是公司制的核心。目前我国公司治理结构存在的问题主要表现在几个方面:股权过于集中,大股东侵害小股东利益;董事会独立性不强;监事会有名无实等。现阶段,应通过加强董事会的独立性,完善董事责任;充分发挥监事会的监督职能;完善小股东诉讼权制度;引导、加强职工参与公司管理等,完善我国公司治理结构。     

论西方机构投资者对公司治理的参与

有关机构投资者的研究在公司治理领域内对传统理论提出了强有力的挑战 ,但仍处于初步发展阶段 ,尚未形成逻辑一致、系统的分析框架。借鉴美英公司治理模式下机构投资者对公司治理的参与 ,为进一步深入开展机构投资者与公司治理关系系统研究提供一个理论框架     

公司治理与大股东利益侵占——桂林集琦药业股份有限公司案例研究

以“桂林集琦”为案例,以此来了解一些公司的治理情况,以及其对企业经营的一些重大影响。与国外成熟资本市场不同的是,我国非流通股和国有股的特殊制度背景,恶化了大小股东之间的利益冲突。大股东通过股权融资、占用资金、现金股利、资产交易、担保等多种方式攫取利益。     

公司治理与企业内生风险

本文在整理有关公司治理文献的基础上,指出公司治理与企业内生风险的关系;对企业委托人层面上的权力重构做出合理的静态分析,认为委托代理关系的融合是降低企业内生风险的关键;研究还表明,若干时期内,委托代理关系不可能调整到均衡状态。因此,委托人必须预设一个相对弹性的空间,使得内在风险与外在风险可调和,在“共同治理”模式下,当委托人与代理人拥有的信息随着时间推移互为“内外双层气泡”时,企业内生风险可以降低。     

公司治理结构中的利益相关者问题

本文认为,股份制改革是中国企业改革的方向,公司治理是股份制改革最核心的内容,而公司治理原则中不可缺少的一项就是利益相关者的安排问题,即他们的权利、作用及保护问题。职工持股从国际经验来看,主要是考虑三方面的因素:一是职工特别是高素质人才的积极性调动问题;二是充分利用职工在参与管理方面的能力及优势;三是充分发挥职工对于整个公司管理层在合规性、防止出现舞弊和恶性事件等方面所能够起到的监督和报警的作用。在我国,员工的地位和员工参与管理的程度应该能够做得更好。解决好利益相关者问题,有利于和谐增长,特别会有利于科技型企业、人才密集型企业和以知识为基础的企业的健康发展。     

Ethics Programs, Board Involvement, and Potential Conflicts of Interest in Corporate Governance

Board composition, insider participation on compensation committees, and director compensation practices can potentially cause conflicts of interest between directors and shareholders. If these corporate governance structures result in situations where actions beneficial to directors do not also benefit shareholders, then shareholders may suffer.Corporate ethics programs usually address conflicts of interest that may arise in the firm's activities. Some boards of directors take active roles in their firms' ethics programs by actively overseeing the programs. This paper empirically examines the relationship between ethics programs and potential conflicts of interest and the relationship between board involvement in a firm's ethics program and potential conflicts of interest.Evidence in this paper shows that firms with ethics programs have a lower percentage of inside directors on their compensation committees than do firms without ethics programs. Firms in which boards are actively involved in the programs have more independent boards (higher percentage of independent directors and lower percentage of inside directors) and are more likely to compensate outside directors with equity than are firms in which boards are not actively involved in the programs. Supplemental analyses show that the incidence of potential conflicts of interest is not significantly different between firms without ethics programs and firms in which boards are not actively involved in the programs. Taken together, the evidence in this paper indicates that a board actively involved in an ethics program, and not the simple existence of an ethics program, is related to the incidence of potential conflicts of interest.     

公司治理机制与财务业绩:效率还是盈利

本文基于杜邦分析体系(DuPontAnalysis),以我国资本市场在2002-2004年期间的上市公司年度数据为研究样本,实证检验了公司治理水平的提高对促进企业绩效增长的实现路径。研究表明,上市公司的治理水平越高,高管人员也就越加重视通过公司内部资源整合、完善营销策略和客户管理等方式提高资产营运效率。而且公司治理水平对改善企业绩效的影响并没有突出体现在努力提高主营业务收入或降低生产成本环节,而主要是通过加强资产管理和提高营运效率来实现的。