Progress and the economy of nature

Progress is a difficult concept, but the phenomenon itself seems to be more than just an illusion. In this paper we consider how a bioeconomic perspective can help to clarify matters, especially when we compare aspects of organic evolution to technological progress. Beginning with the influence of Malthus upon Darwin, we see how the latter's ideas differ in important respects from those of other biologists and from those of social scientists and philosophers. Consideration of biologist's views about competition and the reasons for specialization suggests ways in which matters might be clarified by a more 'entrepreneurial' view of the relationships of organisms to the natural economy.     

Institutional Bioeconomics and the Division of Labor: Reflections on Yarbrough & Yarbrough' Paper

The New Institutional Economics might have significant interactions with the economics of non-human societies. Some possibilities are considered in connection with the ideas of Yarbrough and Yarbrough on human societies. First, the need for enforcement may be less when the organisms in question treat one another as resources. Second, theories of the division of labor that have been developed in biology are applicable to human societies. There may be some interesting alternatives to traditional sociobiology as well.     

基于模块化分工的中国产业升级研究

全球化背景下,模块化分工通过产业转移的形式可推动后起国家或地区的产业升级。当前中国正面临国内产业升级的较大压力,同时也处于国际有利形势中。借鉴国际成功经验,促进中国产业升级可通过产业核心资源的整合、品牌模块企业的创建、高级生产性服务业的加快发展以及自主创新能力的培养等措施来实现。     

马克思的分工理论与中国当前的社会分工

在由农业社会向工业社会的转型中,中国的社会分工发生了根本性变化。分工在推动生产力快速发展、创造大量物质财富的同时,也在慢慢变革着生产关系,产生了许多深层次问题。马克思的分工理论唯物辩证地阐述了分工的产生、运动及消灭的运动规律,为我们认识、分析及解决当前的社会分工问题提供了科学的理论依据和行动指南。     

分工理论：从古希腊思想到新国际体系的研究述评

分工思想最早可以追溯到古希腊时期的柏拉图,古典经济学时期亚当.斯密第一次从经济学意义上对分工进行了系统的论述,新古典经济学时期的马歇尔用规模经济概念替代了专业化经济概念,同时期的马克思对分工与协作进行了较为深刻的研究。自19世纪末马歇尔对资源配置问题重视以来,分工问题就逐渐被主流经济学所忽视,经济学的研究重心转向资源配置问题。随后,杨格（1928）指出马歇尔的替代是个错误,但直到20世纪50年代,随着产业组织和经济增长理论的发展,经济学家们才再次认识到分工的重要意义。20世纪80年代以来,以杨小凯为代表的新兴古典经济学家,用现代分析方法分析了分工问题。进入20世纪90年代,针对新的分工及贸易现实,一些学者对产品内国际分工理论（垂直解体）进行了深入探讨。     

The Division of Labor, Inequality and Growth

We present a model that links the division of labor and economic growth with the division of wealth in society. When capital market imperfections restrict the access of poor households to capital, the division of wealth affects individual incentives to invest in specialization. In turn, the division of labor determines the dynamics of the wealth distribution. A highly concentrated distribution of wealth leads to a low degree of specialization, low productivity, and low wages. In that case workers are unable to accumulate enough wealth to invest in specialization. Hence, in a highly unequal society, there is a vicious cycle in which the degree of specialization, productivity and wages stay low, wealth and income inequality stays high and the economy stagnates. By contrast, greater equality increases investment in specialization and leads to a greater division of labor and higher long run development.     

论交易效率对分工演进的影响

交易作为人类经济生活中最基本的活动之一,在国民经济中的影响日益增大,相应地带来了交易费用理论的蓬勃发展,但传统交易费用理论的许多不足严重制约了它在经济分析中的有效应用,其中主要的两点不足表现在:一是交易费用的概念过于庞杂、笼统;二是交易费用的概念更多地是被应用于企业理论的研究之中,应用于经济结构变迁、长期经济增长等宏观理论领域的研究较少.从分工演进的角度较为明确地提出了交易效率的概念,并在此基础上进一步探求交易效率影响分工演进所带来的经济结构变迁的内在机理.     

中国经济规模报酬测算及影响因素分析

中国经济要保持长期持续增长必须要转变经济增长方式。经济增长方式由要素投入增加型转向效率提高型的经济学内涵在于报酬递增机制的形成。从这样一个视角出发,运用了35个工业行业2000-2008年数据对中国经济增长中的规模报酬情况进行了测算,并对中国报酬递增的影响因素进行了分析,发现现阶段分工与技术创新仍是最为核心的要素。中国经济增长方式要转向报酬递增驱动的机制,最为根本的在于分工与技术创新良性互动机制的形成。     

教育促进经济增长的劳动分工机制研究

基于劳动分工理论,建立了教育发展、专业化与经济增长关系的新兴古典经济模型,并运用中国区域面板数据对模型进行了实证检验,揭示了教育的劳动分工功能。研究结论表明,无论是自给自足还是分工条件下,受教育水平越高,人均真实收入越高,教育发展对经济增长产生了重要促进作用;受教育水平提高对劳动分工与专业化具有明显的促进作用,但交易效率相对较低的西部地区可能会限制教育作用的发挥,西部地区教育对经济的作用要小于东部地区。最后提出了相关政策建议。     

我国失业原因新解:分工不足

本文以新兴古典经济学思想的基本要义——分工理论为分析基础,从一个新的视角探讨了我国失业产生的根本原因,并蕴含明确的政策含义,即以推进分工来消除失业。     

中国技术进步源泉的比较：自主创新和技术外溢——基于阿尔蒙多项式分布滞后模型的研究

在内生增长理论中,技术溢出和自主创新都是技术进步的重要源泉。通过Granger因果检验发现,国内外研发和国内专利与中国劳动生产率和全要素生产率之间存在因果关系。利用阿尔蒙多项式分布滞后模型对国内外研发、国内专利与中国劳动生产率以及全要素生产率之间的关系进行比较研究发现,国外研发对中国劳动生产率和全要素生产率增长的促进作用远大于国内研发和专利,国际技术溢出是中国技术进步的主要源泉,劳动生产率比全要素生产率能够更好地度量中国技术进步。     

How technological innovation affects the structure of an industry: entrepreneurship evolution in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry since 1980

Challenges faced by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, including reduced R&D productivity and the expiration of drugs that are high in demand, are recently being addressed through technological innovation. Such innovations are highly likely to change the structure and functioning of the industry. Since 2000, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have actively made strategic alliance, and technological innovations have changed the source of innovation from R&D to entrepreneurship within the industry. In this study, we identify the evolution of entrepreneurship and discuss the changes caused by technological advancements since 1980 by analysing patterns of exporting and acquiring technology data from Medtrack. Over difference period, biopharmaceutical firms have gained new knowledge and improved technology, and have implemented this newly acquired knowledge and innovation to introduce drugs to the market.     

Competition and Economic Progress

In a recent article, Michael Ghiselin has suggested that what economics has to offer biology is an entrepreneurial conception of the (natural) economy. Creating such a theory would make it possible to explain how the Darwinian view of progress as the outcome of a competitive push (leading to gradual change) and an opportunity pull (generating episodic change) can coexist. However, accomplishing such a task requires the introduction of technological change into the standard economic model, and with it, a broader theory of the competitive process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stagflation as an Institutional Problem

The existence of nonprofit firms has been traditionally explained by two types of theories emphasizing the market failures that these firms address and the individual motivations to found these firms. To date, these theorizing strands have been mainly disconnected from each other. To fill this gap, this paper develops an integrative theoretical understanding of nonprofit organization by demonstrating the way market failures addressed by nonprofit firms are interrelated with the motivations of nonprofit entrepreneurs. Building on the arguments of Thorstein Veblen and the theory of the division of labor, it is argued that nonprofit organization embodies partial collective self-sufficiency necessitated by the limitations of the ability of market exchange to satisfy human needs.     

国际垂直专业化对发展中国家的影响与启示

二战以后,在国际垂直专业化迅速发展的过程中,发展中国家越来越多地被卷入全球化生产的链条。作者应用相关理论模型,分析了国际垂直专业化对发展中国家国际分工、收入分配以及技术进步等方面的影响,并在此基础上就包括中国在内的发展中国家如何应对国际垂直专业化的发展趋势提出政策建议。     

分工演进、社会资本与产业集群--对产业集群的形成与发展机理的一个解释

新兴古典经济学文献认为,经济的发展是一个分工演进的过程.通过实证案例,我们认为集群的形成与发展同样是一个分工演进的过程.然而,分工的深化又受到交易效率的制约.于是,我们探讨了集群特有的社会资本对于提高交易效率、从而推动分工演进、促进集群发展这一作用的过程.因此,地方政府可以通过创造鼓励诚信、鼓励合作的制度环境,便于社会资本的积累,以促进集群的形成与发展.     

关于国际分工引发的生态风险的研究

在当前充满竞争的国际分工中,我国所谓的比较优势其实是弱者的比较优势,过度迷恋比较优势,长期坚持低端经济会引发诸多生态风险。本文就国际分工中的比较优势陷阱出发,结合我国当前的生态危机情况,提出应在竞争中构建生态安全,走生态安全之路。     

Strategic niche management of social innovations: the case of social entrepreneurship

Strategic niche management (SNM), a tool to understand and manage radical socio-technical innovations and facilitate their diffusion, has always departed from a technical artefact. Many radical innovations, however, do not revolve around such an artefact. Social entrepreneurship is a new business model that combines a social goal with a business mentality and is heralded as an important new way to create social value such as sustainability. This study examines if and how SNM can be applied to such a social innovation. It identifies theoretical and practical limitations and proposes solutions. The main conclusion is that SNM can be used to analyse radical social innovation, although it requires rethinking the initial entry point for research and management. Exemplifying quotes are proposed as an alternative. Second, this paper suggests using values to describe niche–regime interaction as a better way to anticipate future niche–regime interactions.     

后发企业技术创新的演化动力机制研究-以华为早期(1988-1995年)研发为例

以演化经济学和系统动力学视角,综合运用文献分析和访谈等研究方法,对华为早期技术研发进行系统性分析,建立后发企业技术创新及其演化的系统动力模型。研究发现：新产品开发是资本增长的动力,技术创新是产品开发的动力,人才和研发组织是技术创新的动力,同时人才也是组织结构优化的动力,而发挥人才价值的关键是人才激励;市场既为后发企业提供不断进化的市场动力,也传递先发企业和后发企业的竞争压力,促使后发企业不断产品开发和集成创新,供应商为后发企业快速进入市场并对关键技术进行模块化创新提供动力;企业家和研发组织把外部动力和压力转化为内部动力,使内部动力及进化选择机制与外部市场竞争协调一致。     

企业竞争的生态策略研究

I.IntroductionAt the end of20th century,strategy ecology school appeared,whose theory could be dated back to the founder of neoclassiceconomy,English economist Alfred Marshall,who thought thathuman society and biosphere had some similarities,that eco-nomics was just"a part of biology in broad sense."In the late of1970s,organizational ecology was founded by M.T.Hannanand J.H.Freeman,whose monograph Organizational Ecologyapplied some ecological views and means to researches oforganizations.…