传媒视野下前苏联的信息发布：一个简史

从传播的角度看,任何一个国家在发布、公开信息时,都必须借助于通报或告知的渠道。这种渠道在当代社会是以报刊、电台、电视为主的新闻传播媒介。前苏联充分利用以报刊、电台、电视为主的传播媒体来发布信息。前苏联的信息发布大致经历了列宁时期、斯大林时期、赫鲁晓夫时期、勃列日涅夫时期和戈尔巴乔夫时期。前苏联的信息发布既有一些有益的经验,也有一些深刻的教训。前苏联信息发布的教训给我们以启示。     

论十月革命对20世纪及当今世界产生的积极意义

尽管受到历史条件的制约,十月革命仍具有一定的历史意义。苏联的建立是十月革命的直接后果。从这个角度说,苏联在历史舞台上发挥的积极作用便是十月革命的历史意义之一。苏联的建立给20世纪乃至当今的国际政治以重大影响,具有积极意义的一面。     

Measuring technological trends: A comparison between U.S. and U.S.S.R./Russian jet fighter aircraft

Measuring and forecasting technological change is a crucial issue from various points of view. This is particularly important in the case of weapon systems as this would enable technological performance and operational capabilities to be assessed in relation to potential threats. This paper measures and compares technological trends in U.S. and Soviet Union/Russian jet fighter aircraft by estimating the relationship between the first flight date and a set of performance and technical characteristics of these aircraft. From the point of view of technological advantage, we find that U.S. jet fighters were, on average, approximately 2 years ahead of the former Soviet Union/Russian jet fighters during the entire jet fighter era. Nevertheless, the technological advantage has swung from one side to the other during specific periods as particular models have been introduced. Finally, the development of 5th-generation jet fighters, in particular the development of the F-22 Raptor, has placed American technology about 20 years ahead of Russian technology, a difference that has never occurred before. This finding casts doubt on the ability of Russia, as the inheritor of the former Soviet Union aircraft industry, to match American technological progress in jet fighter aircraft.     

SOVIET INCENTIVES IN ARMS CONTROL

Much conventional wisdom supports the argument that growing economic problems in the Soviet Union will tend to enhance Soviet willingness to make concessions at the arms control bargaining table. This position is plausible. Equally plausible, however, is the opposite view: as a means of protecting its political power at home, the Soviet leadership could be led by falling living standards to emphasize the growth and importance of external threats. This would be inconsistent with a Soviet desire for arms control as conventionally defined. Economic problems in the Soviet Union are not new, and the Soviet approach to past arms control negotiations does not offer evidence in support of the conventional view.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Australian Trade Practices :Readings. Edited by J. P. N ieuwenhuysen .
Manufacturing in Melbourne. By P. J. R immer .
Freight Forwarding in Australia. By P. J. R immer .
Retailing in Melbourne. By R. J. J ohnston and P. J. R immer .
Land Tenure in the Pacific. Edited by R. C rocombe .
The Reinterpretation of American Economic History. Edited by R obert W illiam F ogel and S tanley L. E ngerman .
International Trade Theory and Regional Income Differences, United States 1880–1950. By E. O lsen .
Soviet Economic Development. By R. H utchings .
Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1930–1945. By A nthony C. S utton .
The Economic Analysis of Labour. By M alcolm R. F isher .
Money and Banking. By D. F isher .
Planning Investments with Economies of Scale. By L arry E. W estphal .
Economic Growth and Development:A Mathematical Introduction. By P hilip A. N eher .     

一种新话语的孕育：刑法知识的进阶与转型——也读陈兴良之作《刑法知识论》

我国现行刑法体系从其本源上看,发端于20世纪50年代的前苏联.尤其是作为刑法根基的犯罪构成理论,更是＂饱受＂前苏联刑法犯罪构成理论的＂滋养＂.在当时引入该犯罪构成理论对我国刑法的萌生产生了巨大的影响,其价值自不待言.而现今这一＂嫁接＂的理论正在接受着来自欧陆德日刑法、英美法系刑法等更新的、多元的、＂嫁接＂的文化际的反复冲击,已显出退却之势;再加之国内复杂的个案频发,又从另一个层面对这一刑法知识提出了挑战与要求.故而一种新的知识进阶与转型,正在悄然促成.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF HOUSING OUTPUT: U.S. AND SOVIET CASE STUDIES

This paper examines the measurement of the output of the Housing industry in real GNP accounts of the U.S., the Soviet Union, and selected OECD countries. These real GNP accounts make use of quite different Housing indexes, based on different types of data. This paper's major empirical finding is that the (measured) growth rate of Housing output can be extremely sensitive to the type of index used.
After reviewing the concept of housing quality, the paper presents U.S. and Soviet case studies. The BEA and the CIA do not use identical procedures to measure Housing output for the U.S. and the Soviet Union: the BEA measures many more aspects of housing quality improvements than the CIA does. This difference in the two agencies' procedures increases the growth rate of the US. Real Estate industry relative to the growth rate of the Soviet Housing industry. The idea behind the two case studies is to remeasure Housing output far the Soviet Union (U.S.) using an index that approximates the BEA (CIA) index. The purpose of these studies is the calculation of numerical magnitudes: to what degrees are the levels and growth rates of Housing sensitive to the type of index that is used. The calculations for the U.S. are useful because they show the important role of housing quality growth in the U.S., and because they make the magnitudes reported for the Soviet Union more credible. The Soviet case study provides numerical support for the proposition that the post-WWII growth rate of Soviet housing quality has been considerable and exceeds the growth rate implicit in the CIA output figures.     

Consensus among Economics Teachers from Transition Economies

The authors analyze the economic opinions of teachers and economists from the former Soviet Union who participated in economic education programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education under the auspices of the National Council on Economic Education from 1995–2001. They sought to determine the level of consensus on economic topics among the participants, and then analyzed their concordance with U.S. economists. They conclude that there is a significant level of consensus among the participants from the former Soviet Union, but this consensus is often at odds with the views of American economists.     

Recent developments in EC USSR commercial and economic relations

Conclusion Trade with the Soviet Union represents only a small part of total Community trade (3.5 % of EC imports and 2.7 % of EC exports in 1990). EC imports from the Soviet Union increased moderately between 1989 and 1990 as well as between the first six months of 1990 and the corresponding period of 1991, whilst EC exports decreased sharply as a result of hard currency shortage in the Soviet Union.The CMEA and Soviet disintegration processes will lead to a substantial reorientation of trade flows. This development has already begun with large increases of trade between the EC and the Central and Eastern European countries.International assistance to the USSR mainly consists of export credits. Community assistance involves a large proportion of grants and technical assistance. The cost of assistance measures envisaged so far remains limited for Western countries.The economic effects of assistance would be enhanced if effective coordination was implemented among the providers. Adequate mechanisms such as triangular operations or the untying of assistance would be required in order to avoid crowding out traditional suppliers from Soviet markets.     

Mechanisation,employment and productivity in Sudanese agriculture

Agricultural mechanisation has been justified in the Sudan by reference to labour shortages. The International Labour Office (ILO) has recently cast doubt on this assumption and argued for a reduction in the pace of mechanisation. However the authors, using a microeconomic production function approach and cost-benefit analysis, suggest that the social return on imported agricultural machinery does still justify mechanisation. Furthermore, allowing for rationing in the market for capital goods, the choice of technique by Sudanese farmers is largely consistent with economic efficiency.     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S.S.R. IN THE 1980s

In 1989 Soviet authorities released unprecedented new data on the size distribution of income in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s, including the distributions by republics. With the goal of providing a benchmark for evaluating the effect of current and future economic reforms on income distribution in the former Soviet Union, this paper estimates inequality measures for the new data. The estimation uses a simple nonparametric technique based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to fit the Soviet data to a lognormal distribution. The results suggest that, for income from official sources, (1) inequality in the Soviet Union as a whole declined throughout the 1980s-both before and after Gorbachev's accession in 1985, and (2) income inequality was greater in the poorer, southern republics of the U.S.S.R. than in the north. While the inclusion of unofficial (unreported) private income would probably reinforce the second of these two trends, its effect on the first cannot be determined on the basis of available information.     

Book Review

L'économie polonaise. Plan, investissement, gestion, progrés technique (The Polish economy. Plan, investment, management, technical progress), Cahiers de I'I.S.E.A., Economies et sociétés, vol. IV, No. 1, January 1970, 342 pp. International Labour Office : Towards Full Employment. A Programme for Colombia, Prepared by an Inter-Agency Team Organized by the International Labour Office, Geneva, 1970, 471 pp. Fernand Baudhuin : Histoire économique de la Belgique, 1957-1968 (Economic History of Belgium, 1957-1968), Emile Bruylant (Publ.), Brussels, 1970, 514 pages. Reinhold Henzler : Der genossenschaftliche Grundauftrag: Förderung der Mitglieder (The co-operative's basic task: to help its members) collected treatises and contributions), publications of the German Co-operative Fund, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1970, vol. 8, 347 pp. State AND Cooperative Development , published by Allied Publishers for International Cooperative Alliance, New Delhi, 1971, 194 pages.     

Agricultural support in selected Eastern European and Eurasian countries

The goal of this article is to assess the agricultural policies of eight countries from the former Soviet Union. They hold great potential for agricultural production, and some are relatively unanalysed from the point of view of agricultural policy. The analysis was conducted using qualitative and quantitative evidence. The key challenges facing the region are food security and competitiveness. Policy approaches range from strong interventionism to almost complete liberalisation. Budgetary support is relatively low compared to EU and OECD averages. Transfers to producers dominate (especially input subsidies and on-farm investment support) in all countries, and support to rural development and general services is weak. While prices for crops are near world prices, prices for animal products are fairly high in some countries, indicating high developmental needs. It is possible to discern four broad clusters of countries.     

苏联剧变20年后的再思考

在苏联剧变已经20年之后,结合中国30多年实行改革开放政策以来的状况,应进一步深入研究苏联剧变的原因及我国应吸取的教训。对苏联剧变的根本性原因,研究者们至今存在不同看法,因此得出教训自然也不同。文章分析了产生不同观点的深层次因素,并在此基础上思考了当今中国应吸取什么重要教训。     

Some Examples of Co-operative Organisation among Fishermen

Among the institutions helping fishermen to improve their conditions of living and work, an important part is played, in a number of countries, by co-operative societies which constitute within the Co-operative Movement a specially interesting section, As these organisations deserve to be better and more widely known it has been deemed useful to reproduce, hereunder, the information given on the subject by the International Labour Office (1):     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
International Trade and Resource Allocation , by A. D. Woodland
The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000 , by A. Bergson and H. S. Levine
Reassessing the Role of Government in the Mixed Economy , edited by H. Giersch     

Unemployment and effects of the first work experience of university graduates on their idea of a job

The financial and subsequent economic crisis caused a sharp deterioration in labour market conditions which particularly affected the youth group. Southern nations were affected the most, while e.g. Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic were less affected. 42.3% of university graduates are registered in the Czech Republic Labour Office for longer than 5 months. This article aims to analyse youth unemployment in the European Union (EU) with an emphasis on the Czech Republic, which is below the EU-28 average. Based on the questionnaire survey, employment of university graduates in the labour market was analysed and the following hypothesis was tested: With a change in the status of a future graduate to an employed graduate, their willingness to retreat from their demands to find the required job, changes’. The result of the survey discovered that after finding the first job, there is reduction in graduates’ demands on a job.     

DR G. FAUQUET'S preface TO SIGNOR MANLIO SANCISI'S BOOK

The Preface which Dr G. Fauquet, Ex-director or the Co-operative Section of the International Labour Office, well-known theorist of Co-operation, and author of "The Co-operative Sector", has written for Signor Manlio Sancisi's book contains a wide range of vastly interesting observations, not only about this work but also upon the various co-operative forms of organisation of labour, and upon the relationships existing between such forms of organisation. It therefore gives us great pleasure to be enabled to place the text of this Preface before the readers of the "Annals". — Edg. M.     

Research Note: The slow growth of foreign direct investment in the Soviet Union successor states

This note reviews the statistical evidence on foreign direct investment (FDI) in the countries of the former Soviet Union taking into account data from both host countries and countries of origin. The main characteristics of this FDI and its variation among the successor states of the Soviet Union are established. The contribution of FDI to economic transition is so far limited to some sectors and regions, and unlikely to accelerate in the near future.
JEL classification: F21, F23, P31.     

由苏联实践引发的社会主义模式再思考

在近百年社会主义的实践中,由于对马克思主义理解上的不同,导致人们对社会主义模式争论不休。对苏联社会主义模式的评判就是这种分歧和争论的集中表现。考茨基和托洛茨基作为苏联社会主义模式构建的见证者和亲历者,从民主社会主义的角度对苏联模式提出了尖锐批评。当今中国模式虽然不同于苏联模式,但由于历史的渊源关系,不可避免地带有苏联模式的部分印迹。考茨基和托洛茨基等人对苏联模式的批判对中国社会主义模式的完善具有借鉴和参考价值。当前的中国模式所表现出来的主要问题,特别是收入分配不公平等问题,也可以从民主社会主义实践那里得到借鉴。