区域贸易优惠与最惠国待遇关系的冲突与法律协调——兼论我国之应对措施

区域贸易合作与多边贸易体制虽具有互补性,但彼此不能相互替代;区域贸易优惠与多边最惠国待遇实质上存在冲突,但它作为一项特殊例外存续于世贸组织体制之内。世贸组织规则确立了区域贸易优惠的合法性,从而为区域贸易提供了前所未有的发展机遇。分析区域贸易合作与多边贸易体制的关系、区域贸易优惠与世贸组织最惠国待遇的冲突,以及世贸组织规则对两者间关系的协调,有助于了解区域一体化发展进程,及时采取积极的应对措施。     

Bargaining and Search: An Experimental Study

We study experimentally two versions of a model buyer and a seller bargain over the price of a good; however, the buyer can choose to leave the negotiation table to search for other alternatives. Under one version, if the buyer chooses to search for a better price, the opportunity to purchase the good at the stated price is gone. Under the second version, the seller guarantees the same price if the buyer chooses to return immediately after a search (presumably because a better price could not be found). In both cases, the buyer has a fairly good idea about what to expect from the search, but because the search is costly, he has to weigh the potential benefits of the search against its cost. It turns out (theoretically) that adding search to a simple bargaining mechanism eliminates some unsatisfactory features of bargaining theory.Our experiment reveals that the model can account for some (but not all) of the behavioral regularities. In line with recent developments in behavioral decision theory and game theory, which assume bounded rationality and preferences over the relative division of a surplus, we find that subjects follow simple rules of thumb and distributional norms in choosing strategies, which are reflected in the behavioral consistencies observed in this study.     

Acquisition of local market information in international joint ventures: service sectors

This research attempts to identify key factors affecting the acquisition of local market information in foreign majority-owned international joint ventures (IJVs). By using Spearman rank correlation coefficient and ordinary least squares regression, we reveal that most of the factors included in our model play a pivotal role in enhancing learning for foreign parents of IJVs. These results contribute to current knowledge by filling several research gaps and provide useful and practical implications for multinational enterprises.     

Using Information as a Basis for Segmentation and Relationship Marketing: A Longitudinal Case Study of a Leading Financial Services Firm

An important concern for service businesses is how to develop an appropriate segmentation and relationship marketing strategy that is tied to the value contribution of the customer base. This article presents a case study of the relationship marketing strategy for a division of a leading, worldwide financial services provider. The case firm segments customers into three tiers, using a framework similar to the one established by Berry and Parasuraman. Potential revenue from the customer is the primary segmentation variable used to assign customers to one of the three tiers, while the customer service response is tailored for each tier based upon customer information capabilities and needs. Although information is normally thought of as a supplemental service, rather than a core service, this case study shows how information is central to providing effective customer service and is a key to relationship marketing. The study also demonstrates how social and structural bonds can be used to refocus a customer's thinking from a cost perspective to a value perspective.     

现阶段我国数字信息资源长期保存对策研究

现阶段,国家实施数字信息资源长期保存有利于最大效地利用数字信息资源,促进人类文化遗产的传承,提高资源利用的国际竞争力。目前,我国数字信息资源长期保存在宏观政策、法律法规、保存技术等层面仍存在诸多问题。我国做好数字信息资源长期保存对策是:加强总体规划设计,健全相关法律法规、制度安排和保存标准,制定和实施有效的宏观政策体系和责任,强化保存技术的有力支持,保证数字信息资源的可持续利用。     

电子商务环境下我国第三方物流企业加快信息化建设的障碍及策略研究

电子商务的迅速发展给第三方物流企业的发展既带来了机遇,又带来了新的挑战。本文首先分析了电子商务环境下第三方物流信息化的必要性,然后对我国的第三方物流企业信息化建设的现状及面临的主要障碍进行了阐述和剖析,最后提出了我国第三方物流企业加快信息化建设的策略。     

品牌,为解决信息不对称而付出的额外成本

品牌本身不会改变商品实体性能。但从信息经济学的角度分析,在信息不对称的现实市场中,品牌作为一种发信号的机制,可以把优质企业和劣质企业区分开,从而对优质企业和消费者都有好处。虽然建立品牌让厂商花费了额外成本,但是只要建立品牌的费用控制在一定范围内,厂商建立的品牌就是一种合理的有利于提高社会福利的行为。     

The Antecedents and Moderators of Offline Information Search: A Meta-Analysis

An examination of consumer information search literature reveals that the effects of several antecedents (cost, price dispersion, knowledge, prior experience) on offline information search vary greatly in terms of the directions and magnitudes of the determinants’ effect sizes, particularly indicating the possibility of inverted-U shaped relationships. Also, despite a wide range of studies undertaken, there remains a need for identifying an overarching framework for consumer information search. This article synthesizes previous empirical studies on offline information search literature, and attempts to provide and test a framework that advances our understanding of the current state of this literature. The review identifies significant antecedents to offline information search, and also tests the moderating effects of demographic variables and study conditions on the direct effects. In the context of the main effects, findings suggest that the nature of relationships of several antecedents with the central construct is indeed inverted-U shaped. Further, moderator analyses identify the boundary conditions under which specific theories hold. The closing section provides future research directions.     

冲突性信息对消费者信息搜索行为的影响——基于功能性食品健康声称的实证研究

通过实验法研究有关健康声称的冲突性信息是否以及如何影响消费者的行为。结果发现:当有关功能性食品健康声称的有效性存在相互冲突(相对于互补)的信息时,消费者的信息搜索倾向更强;认知闭合需要在冲突性信息对消费者信息搜索倾向的影响中起反向调节作用;消费者对健康元素的矛盾态度是有关功能性食品健康声称的冲突性信息对消费者信息搜索倾向影响的中介变量。     

Management Information System – A Tool for Corporate Sustainability

This paper represents the attempt to define a methodology that can evaluate the degree to which companies' information systems correspond to needs determined by the objectives of sustainability the firm imposes on itself. The result is the creation of a general model which define the correct approach to evaluating information systems – a model which should be adapted to the specificity of each single company which intends to adopt it. In the chart indicated, we obviously have not considered activities connected to the implementation of the survey system, which are particular to each company's situation. The first part of the paper consists of an overall introduction to the approach that has been used to assess the (MIS) of Granarolo, one of the Italian companies involved. The case study contains a profile of the company, the analysis of its MIS referred to the three dimensions of sustainability, and an evaluation of the strong points and issues to be developed. This approach to evaluate the gap between desired requirements of an information system for sustainability and current data available in a firm, has proved its consistency and usefulness. It helps to understand where data are, which dimensions, spheres, stakeholders account for and what is the level of integration between different information systems existing in the firm.     

The Effects of Media and Task on User Performance: A Test of the Task-Media Fit Hypothesis

This research was designed to examine the task-media fit hypothesis, an extension to media richness theory that predicts the objective performance of various media for a number of task types. To examine this model, dyads communicating through face-to-face, videophone, telephone (i.e., audio-only communication), or synchronous computer-mediated communication worked in a laboratory experiment to address an intellective or negotiation task. The intellective task required that each dyad member effectively share factual information that each individual independently held. The negotiation task required that each dyad member effectively share preferences based on personal values and reach an agreement. The results of the study provide mixed support for the task-media fit hypothesis. In general, the results for the negotiation task largely supported the theory while the results for the intellective task did not support the theory. These results help to clarify limitations and provide extensions to the theory by demonstrating how variations in task processes and communication media act to mediate task performance. The implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.     

国外股权激励与经营者信息披露研究综述

近年来,国外的学者对股权激励与经营者信息披露问题进行了理论研究,同时也实证了国外上市公司股权激励与经营者信息披露之间的关系。随着美国上市公司财务舞弊案频频曝光,股权激励的负面效应已逐渐引起了国外学者的关注。通过对国外研究股权激励与经营者信息披露关系的理论与实证文献进行综述,可为国内研究股权激励效果的学者及政策制定者提供参考。     

Post-Partnership Strategies for Defining Corporate Responsibility: The Business Social Compliance Initiative

While cross-sectoral partnerships are frequently presented as a way to achieve sustainable development, some corporations that first tried using the strategy are now changing direction. Growing tired of what are, in their eyes, inefficient and unproductive cross-sectoral partnerships, firms are starting to form post-cross-sectoral partnerships (?post-partnerships’) open exclusively to corporations. This paper examines one such post-partnership project, the Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI), to analyse the possibility of post-partnerships establishing stable definitions of ?corporate responsibility’. We do this by creating a theoretical framework based on actor-network theory (ANT) and institutional theory. Using this framework, we show that post-partnerships suffer from the paradox of striving to marginalise those stakeholders whose support they need?for establishing stable definitions of ?corporate responsibility’. We conclude by discussing whether or not post-partnership strategies, despite this paradox, can be expected to establish stable definitions of ?corporate responsibility’.     

会计信息、共同知识与资产定价:一个会计信息传导的理论分析框架

通过将会计信息作用于企业这种资产的定价过程概括为会计信息传导,本文分析会计信息与资产定价的本质关联、会计信息传导制度安排的因应及影响会计信息传导效率的因素。会计信息与资产定价的内在关联体现为会计信息对企业现场知识的传导过程,会计信息传导的相关制度安排是为了尽可能形成市场参与者对企业的共同知识,以增强资产价格形成的集体理性,而会计信息的传导效率则应从其时效、精度、受众广度及市场参与者对之的信任等四个方面进行界定。     

Floating Maximally Many Boats: A Preference for the Broad Distribution of Market Benefits

Market economics can overreach and reduce all human activities to market-governed activities. More than a market-inspired explanation for human activities, it offers a normative account of how all goods and services should be distributed by private parties negotiating mutually agreeable terms. This paper argues that market values and practices are constrained by other fundamental values and practices. Liberal values are generally consistent with, though they are not reducible to, market values. Democratic and egalitarian values often contrast with market values. The distribution of market benefits should accommodate those democratic and egalitarian values which constitute a polity's core commitments (and those core commitments need to be reasserted regularly). Indeed, market stability depends upon a general distribution of its benefits. Incentives to productive activity entail inequalities, but the terms of those inequalities are subject to review. Internal refinements to specific markets can reduce inequalities by promoting the fairness of market operations and by increasing the number of effective participants.     

社会资本促进小农户与现代农业有机衔接之作用——基于资源获取能力中介效应的检验

本文构建了社会资本理论"强化、社会信用、信息、影响"四要素逻辑框架,基于2017年江苏、山东两省535户农民专业合作社社员的调查数据和中介效应模型,对社会资本是否以及如何通过资源获取能力影响小农户与现代农业有机衔接进行实证分析。结果表明:(1)基于强化、社会信用、信息属性,社会资本可以实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接,资源获取能力在其中发挥了完全中介效应,非正式社会资本对提高小农户资源获取能力的作用强于正式社会资本。(2)考虑成员异质性情况下,在有机衔接过程中,正式社会资本对核心社员的作用大于普通社员,非正式社会资本对普通社员的作用大于核心社员。(3)基于影响属性,非正式社会资本可以部分克服"精英俘获"导致的普通社员去组织化问题。上述结论为如何通过社会资本提高小农户的组织化程度,并在此基础上设计、完善相关政策,使农民专业合作社成为实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接的理想载体提供了新的思路和经验证据。     

A good deal online: The Impacts of acquisition and transaction value on E-satisfaction and E-loyalty

Relying on Thaler's exchange theory, this research examines the unique effects of perceived transaction and acquisition values on consumer e-satisfaction and e-loyalty in an e-commerce setting, along with the moderating role of product/ service category. Overall, consumers' perceptions of transaction value lead to their e-dissatisfaction. Hence, obtaining a good deal does not have the same meaning and influence depending on the type of buying trip (exploratory or goal-directed). These results confirm Thaler's exchange theory's usefulness to analyzing the impact of perceived value on e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Additionally, in a managerial perspective, this research underlines the importance of adapting promotional strategies to online contexts, since online purchase experience improves when there is an alignment between the customer's goals and the e-tailer’s online offering.     

A Model for Fair Trade Buying Behaviour: The Role of Perceived Quantity and Quality of Information and of Product-specific Attitudes

In a sample of 615 Belgians a model for fair trade buying behaviour was developed. The impact of fair trade knowledge, general attitudes towards fair trade, attitudes towards fair trade products, and the perception of the quality and quantity of fair trade information on the reported amount of money spent on fair trade products were assessed. Fair trade knowledge, overall concern and scepticism towards fair trade, and the perception of the perceived quantity and quality of fair trade information, influence buying behaviour directly and indirectly through product attitudes. Interest in fair trade products, price acceptability and product liking have a significant impact on fair trade buying behaviour. Product interest is the most important variable influencing buying behaviour. Implications for the campaigns of governments and for the marketing strategy of fair trade organisations are offered.     

企业成长理论视角下的企业并购动因分析——基于蒙牛收购雅士利案例

基于企业成长理论的视角分析蒙牛收购雅士利的动因显示:蒙牛收购雅士利是一次双赢的收购案。并购作为企业重要且普遍的成长方式之一,是其实现成长和战略发展的一种外部途径,可有效解决企业存在的问题,发挥企业家精神,实现纵向一体化下的协同作用。目前,蒙牛在发展自身奶粉品牌上存在短板,同时面临着管理和需求上的约束,而雅士利也面临着管理和竞争的瓶颈,遏制了向行业的进军。蒙牛对雅士利兼并重组后,应加快资源整合与互补,实施多元化经营战略,真正培育起自己的品牌,加快国产奶粉行业整体升级的速度。     

Information Spillovers and the Choice of Export Destination: A Multinomial Logit Analysis of Spanish Young SMEs

Does having more firms around exporting to a particular destination improve the chances of exporting to that destination (e.g. through information spillovers)? We answer this question implementing a multinomial logit model of whether a firm exports to a particular country. To identify the source of information spillovers, we construct indicators of geographical concentration of exporters selling to a specific destination: within industry, multinationals and across industries. In our application with data for Spanish new small sized firms, only within-industry agglomeration of exporting domestic firms significantly affects the probability of small sized firms exporting to the same destination. The significance of localisation economies is robust to a barrage of controls including destination specific characteristics, gravitational factors (distance and level of development), firm heterogeneity (size) and regional differences.