Product Costing in the Presence of Endogenous Subcost Functions

We study a multiproduct setting in which the underlying technology permits identification of economic subcost functions. We then explore the ability of various accounting procedures to produce relatively accurate marginal cost estimates. This ability varies with the underlying technology, as well as among the products. Moreover, a portfolio perspective emerges: with errors varying among the products the issue of where in product space to tolerate relatively large costing errors in order to help ensure relatively small costing errors in other products arises.     

Option Prices Under Generalized Pricing Kernels

In this paper analytical solutions for European option prices are derived for a class of rather general asset specific pricing kernels (ASPKs) and distributions of the underlying asset. Special cases include underlying assets that are lognormally or log-gamma distributed at expiration date T. These special cases are generalizations of the Black and Scholes (1973) option pricing formula and the Heston (1993) option pricing formula for non-constant elasticity of the ASPK. Analytical solutions for a normally distributed and a uniformly distributed underlying are also derived for the class of general ASPKs. The shape of the implied volatility is analyzed to provide further understanding of the relationship between the shape of the ASPK, the underlying subjective distribution and option prices. The properties of this class of ASPKs are also compared to approaches used in previous empirical studies. JEL Classification: G12, G13, C65 Erik Lüders is an assistant professor at Laval University and a visiting scholar at the Stern School of Business, New York University.     

不同发行方式下IPO定价机制效率差异性研究

本文在回顾我国IPO发行方式演变的基础上,采用单因素方差分析法就不同发行方式下IPO定价机制效率的差异性进行了实证分析.实证结果表明,具有历史进步性的现行IPO发行方式并不能产生最优的定价机制效率.最后,论文提出了进一步完善我国IPO发行方式的建议.     

A Comparison of Option Prices Under Different Pricing Measures in a Stochastic Volatility Model with Correlation

This paper investigates option prices in an incomplete stochastic volatility model with correlation. In a general setting, we prove an ordering result which says that prices for European options with convex payoffs are decreasing in the market price of volatility risk.As an example, and as our main motivation, we investigate option pricing under the class of q-optimal pricing measures. The q-optimal pricing measure is related to the marginal utility indifference price of an agent with constant relative risk aversion. Using the ordering result, we prove comparison theorems between option prices under the minimal martingale, minimal entropy and variance-optimal pricing measures. If the Sharpe ratio is deterministic, the comparison collapses to the well known result that option prices computed under these three pricing measures are the same.As a concrete example, we specialize to a variant of the Hull-White or Heston model for which the Sharpe ratio is increasing in volatility. For this example we are able to deduce option prices are decreasing in the parameter q. Numerical solution of the pricing pde corroborates the theory and shows the magnitude of the differences in option price due to varying q.JEL Classification: D52, G13     

Option Pricing Under Autoregressive Random Variance Models

Abstract

The autoregressive random variance (ARV) model introduced by Taylor (1980, 1982, 1986) is a popular version of stochastic volatility (SV) models and a discrete-time simplification of the continuous-time diffusion SV models. This paper introduces a valuation model for options under a discrete-time ARV model with general stock and volatility innovations. It employs the discretetime version of the Esscher transform to determine an equivalent martingale measure under an incomplete market. Various parametric cases of the ARV models, are considered, namely, the log-normal ARV models, the jump-type Poisson ARV models, and the gamma ARV models, and more explicit pricing formulas of a European call option under these parametric cases are provided. A Monte Carlo experiment for some parametric cases is also conducted.     

Measuring Pricing Inefficiencies Under Stressful Market Conditions

This study examines the mispricing and time between arbitrage trades of the Hong Kong Hang Seng index futures and index options contracts under various stressed market conditions. Ex‐ante trading profits and differences in time between trades across up and down as well as stressed and non‐stressed markets are used to measure how well the derivative markets perform under emotional distress. We find evidence of illiquidity in stressed and down markets. In stressful markets and down markets, liquidity suppliers are less likely to trade against the informed traders. This, in turn, leads to longer time between trades and higher arbitrage profits.     

Data Fixation and the Use of Traditional Versus Activity-Based Costing Systems

An important debate in the contemporary accounting literature relates to the relative merits of activity-based versus volume-based product costing methodologies. Traditional volume-based costing systems are said to be flawed and may seriously mislead strategic decision making. Such arguments assume that decision makers use such information in an unproblematic way. This article reports on an experiment designed to investigate whether decision makers are able to overcome data fixation in a setting involving the use of product cost information. In response to criticisms of previous accounting studies of data fixation, subjects received some feedback after each decision, and were rewarded based on performance. The experiment involved subjects making a series of production output decisions based on detailed case information of a hypothetical firm facing different market conditions for each decision. A between-subjects design was utilized with two cost system treatments: activity-based costing (ABC) and traditional costing (TC). It was hypothesized that the group provided with ABC cost data would make 'optimal' decisions and the group provided with TC cost data would overcome fixation. The results of the experiment indicated that there was, in general, evidence of data fixation among TC subjects, but a small number of subjects did adjust to ABC costs. These results are discussed in the light of previous research and some future directions are outlined.     

Pricing Discrete Barrier Options Under Stochastic Volatility

This paper proposes a new approximation method for pricing barrier options with discrete monitoring under stochastic volatility environment. In particular, the integration-by-parts formula and the duality formula in Malliavin calculus are effectively applied in pricing barrier options with discrete monitoring. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one that shows an analytical approximation for pricing discrete barrier options with stochastic volatility models. Furthermore, it provides numerical examples for pricing double barrier call options with discrete monitoring under Heston and λ-SABR models.     

Pricing Annuity Guarantees Under a Regime-Switching Model

Abstract

We consider the pricing problem of equity-linked annuities and variable annuities under a regimeswitching model when the dynamic of the market value of a reference asset is driven by a generalized geometric Brownian motion model with regime switching. In particular, we assume that regime switching over time according to a continuous-time Markov chain with a finite number state space representing economy states. We use the Esscher transform to determine an equivalent martingale measure for fair valuation in the incomplete market setting. The paper is complemented with some numerical examples to highlight the implications of our model on pricing these guarantees.     

基于税收影响的产品营销定价策略

产品定价策略是企业市场营销组合策略中一个极其重要的组成部分,其影响因素是多方面的。税收起征点、税率临界点和增值税纳税人身份等税收因素对企业产品定价策略的选择也具有重要影响。对此进行深入研究并加以巧妙利用,将有助于企业更加全面的考虑各方面的影响,以作出适当的市场营销定价决策。     

Product Costing and Inventory Accounting: A New Approach to an Old Problem

Traditional methods of accounting—including full-absorption accounting, labor and cost standards, overhead allocations, and variance analysis–can stand in the way of attempts by managers and others to improve their company's overall performance and the ability to compete globally. Many companies have recognized the need to shift the role of accounting toward higher-value, more strategic tasks, such as financial and operational analysis, tactical decision support, and even process improvement and reengineering. But the accounting tools at their disposal often prove inadequate. In fact, there is a core conflict between the need to provide accurate and consistent financial reports for external consumption–reports that comply in all respects with GAAP, Sarbanes-Oxley, SEC requirements, and the like–and the need for value-relevant and informative reports for internal management purposes.
The author proposes using multiple sets of financial reports, all deriving from a single, common database, to meet external reporting requirements while addressing the distortions and limitations of GAAP for internal purposes. In particular, he has developed a new approach called Value Added Accounting that eliminates the distortions of full-absorption accounting but that uses GAAP financial statements as its starting point. The article describes the key adjustments, presents a case study, and discusses how VAA aligns with Lean Manufacturing, Quick Response Manufacturing, Just-In-Time, and other common process improvement initiatives.     

Pricing Foreign Exchange Options Under Intervention by Absorption Modeling

We consider option pricing for a foreign exchange (FX) rate where interventions by an authority may take place when the rate approaches to a certain level at the down side. We formulate the forward FX model by a diffusion process which is stopped by a hitting time of an absorption boundary. Moreover, for a deterministic volatility case with a moving absorption whose level is described by an ordinary differential equation, we obtain closed-form formulas for prices of a European put option and a digital option, and Greeks of the put option. Furthermore, we show an extension of the pricing formula to the case where the intervention level is unknown. In numerical examples, we show option prices for different strikes for the absorption model and the extended model. We compare the model prices with the market prices for EURCHF options traded before January 2015 with the absorption model, and also show experiments of the extended model as an application to the pricing under uncertain views on the intervention.     

次贷危机之后金融产品定价模式的变迁

本文回顾了资产定价理论的发展历程,研究了金融产品定价模式转变与金融市场创新发展的相互关系,指出金融产品定价模式从风险定价主导转向套利定价主导的变迁是次贷危机的深层次原因,并探讨了次贷危机之后,金融产品定价模式可能的变迁之路.     

稀土企业产品定价的博弈分析

在分析我国稀土储备急剧下降而稀土产品定价权旁落他人的基础上,运用博弈论相关理论,构建了稀土企业和竞争企业、政府部门、国际买家三方博弈模型,分别得出了Nash均衡解,最后给出了掌控稀土产品定价权的政策建议。     

不同关注点下的流动性对策

中央银行、商业银行和资本市场对流动性的理解是不一样的,中央银行关注的是可以直接调控的流动性,商业银行关注着流动性“头寸”问题,或是存贷差继续扩大的问题,而资本市场更关注的是资产价格。     

注册制下券商定价责任与能力研究

注册制下,券商应承担优化资源配置、服务实体经济、稳定二级市场的责任,围绕承销组织、研究估值、机构销售、信息披露等IPO定价全流程,提升市场化定价效率。监管层面需要完善信息披露管理体系,丰富网下报价方式,优化战略配售和二级市场稳定机制,为券商履职及能力提升提供制度保障。本文还创新性构建了券商IPO定价能力评价体系,提出了包含承销能力、组织能力、项目筛选能力、投价报告质量、估值偏离度、定价偏离度、销售能力以及信息披露能力等指标在内的评价体系。     

转让定价税制差异的国际比较与借鉴

各国转让定价税制在关联关系主体范围的界定、关联关系认定的具体标准、对避税地关联关系的处理、纳税人履行具体的报告义务、转让定价案例的选择标准、考虑功能性可比分析因素的范围、转让定价调整方法的选用和因转让定价而产生避税的处理方式等8个方面存在差异,有关国家的不同规定和做法对完善我国现行转让定价制度有借鉴意义。     

Analysis of the Nonlinear Option Pricing Model Under Variable Transaction Costs

In this paper we analyze a nonlinear Black–Scholes model for option pricing under variable transaction costs. The diffusion coefficient of the nonlinear parabolic equation for the price V is assumed to be a function of the underlying asset price and the Gamma of the option. We show that the generalizations of the classical Black–Scholes model can be analyzed by means of transformation of the fully nonlinear parabolic equation into a quasilinear parabolic equation for the second derivative of the option price. We show existence of a classical smooth solution and prove useful bounds on the option prices. Furthermore, we construct an effective numerical scheme for approximation of the solution. The solutions are obtained by means of the efficient numerical discretization scheme of the Gamma equation. Several computational examples are presented.