12个合同的故事

世行贷款高速公路项目道路养护设备采购12个合同同时招标的国际招标文件于2000年3月7日获得世行的不反对意见,2000年4月7日在<中国日报>上刊登了招标广告.到2000年6月9日投标截止时,12个合同共收到60份投标书,最少的合同只收到2份投标书,最多的一个合同收到10份投标书.评标报告于2000年11月6日递交世行审查.本次招标12个合同的投标情况和推荐的中标人的报价在本合同的排序如下表:     

The Effects of Banking Mergers on Loan Contracts

This paper studies the effects of banking mergers on individual business borrowers. Using information on individual loan contracts between banks and companies, I analyze the effect of banking consolidation on banks' credit policies. I find that in-market mergers benefit borrowers if these mergers involve the acquisition of banks with small market shares. Interest rates charged by the consolidated banks decrease, but as the local market share of the acquired bank increases, the efficiency effect is offset by market power. Mergers have different distributional effects across borrowers. When banks become larger, they reduce the supply of loans to small borrowers.     

审计的契约安排与独立性的互动机制

审计契约的内外两个层面分别为审计质量提供执业胜任能力与独立性的支持。利益主体在人格化上的分化使得外部审计契约采用了正式契约和非正式契约两种形式,共同为独立性提供制度安排。正式契约影响审计者的即时经济收益,决定了审计者不可能超然独立于特定的相对人;非正式契约影响审计者的未来经济收益,为独立性在制度安排上提供了一种救济。声誉是非正式契约的自履行机制,它与独立性形成了一种互动机制。一个良好的声誉机制包括信誉体系和司法救济两个方面,政府的作用就是推动信誉体系的建设和提供有效的司法救济。     

电力期货和电力期货合约的设计

引言 在传统的电力工业管理体制下,国家对电价实行严格管制,政府统一管理电价,对电价实行严格审计.在这样的硬性控制下,电价的波动很小,几乎没有独立发、输、配电企业,因此不会面临由于电价波动造成的风险.但随着电力体制向市场化方向改革的进行,电力市场中批发电价和零售电价都将逐步放开.电价通过市场竞价方式来确定,将不可避免地导致市场价格的波动.由于电力商品的特殊性,其需求弹性很小,这样电价很容易受电力供求关系的影响,从而使电价产生剧烈波动,例如一日内负荷处于高峰时的实时电价与负荷处于低谷时的实时电价可以相差几倍,有时甚至低谷电价可以为零或负值,而不同天、不同月份的电价则相差更大.这样,将使电力市场的参与者面临巨大的价格风险.     

The Design of Optimal Insurance Contracts: A Topological Approach

This article deals with the optimal design of insurance contracts when the insurer faces administrative costs. If the literature provides many analyses of risk sharing with such costs, it is often assumed that these costs are linear. Furthermore, mathematical tools or initial conditions differ from one paper to another. We propose here a unified framework in which the problem is presented and solved as an infinite dimensional optimization program on a functional vector space equipped with an original norm. This general approach leads to the optimality of contracts lying on the frontier of the indemnity functions set. This frontier includes, in particular, contracts with a deductible, with total insurance and the null vector. Hence, we unify the existing results and point out some extensions.     

The Use of Debt and Equity in Optimal Financial Contracts

We consider risk-neutral firms that must obtain external finance. They have access to two kinds of stochastic investment opportunities. For one, return realizations are costlessly observed by all agents. For the other, return realizations are costlessly observed only by the investing firm. We examine the optimal allocation of investment between the two projects and the optimal contract used to finance it. The optimal contractual outcome can be supported by appropriate (and determinate) quantities of debt and equity issues. Investments in projects with CSV problems are associated loosely with debt. Investments in projects with observable returns are associated with equity. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G21, E51.     

The Quality Option and Timing Option in Futures Contracts

Often futures contracts contain quality options whereby the short position has the choice of delivering one of an acceptable set of assets. We explore the implications of the quality option on the futures price. We develop a method for pricing the quality option for the general case of n deliverable assets and provide numerical illustrations of its significance. Even when the asset prices are very highly correlated, this option can have nontrivial value, especially when there is a large number of deliverable assets. We analyze the impact of the timing option and its interaction with the quality option. A procedure is developed for valuing the timing option in the presence of the quality option, and some numerical estimates are obtained.     

债务抵押契约发展分析

本文分析了资产支持证券的一个品种——债务抵押契约的特点和结构，结合国家开发银行发行的“2005开元一期”债务抵押债券进行了分析，并提出了在发展债务抵押契约等产品时降低利率风险的建议。     

The Insurance Is the Lemon: Failing to Index Contracts

We model the widespread failure of contracts to share risk using available indices. A borrower and lender can share risk by conditioning repayments on an index. The lender has private information about the ability of this index to measure the true state that the borrower would like to hedge. The lender is risk-averse and thus requires a premium to insure the borrower. The borrower, however, might be paying something for nothing if the index is a poor measure of the true state. We provide sufficient conditions for this effect to cause the borrower to choose a nonindexed contract instead.     

不完备契约与财务目标的状态依存及其边际修正

依据现代契约理论分析范式,企业完整财务(交易)活动的性质可概括为一系列不完备财务契约缔结和履行过程,而缔约方追求“合作盈余”或“组织租”恰恰是财务目标的契约解读。因契约不完备性出现的“剩余”问题,致使财务目标的实质应为“剩余盈余”的最大化,其结果是财务目标与企业所有权配置逻辑一致,因此也具备状态依存之特征:特定状态对应特定缔约主体为主导的财务目标。同时,由于其他缔约主体专用性资本不断增值,使财务目标结构得以边际修正而实现均衡安排。     

Monitoring and Structure of Debt Contracts

This paper presents a theory of optimal debt structure when the moral hazard problem is severe. The main idea is that the optimal debt contract delegates monitoring to a single senior lender and that seniority allows the monitoring senior lender to appropriate the full return from his monitoring activities. The theory explains (i) why debt contracts are prioritized, (ii) why short-term debt is senior to long-term debt, and (iii) why financial intermediaries usually hold short-term senior debt whereas long-term junior debt is widely held. Another implication of the theory is that covenant and maturity structures will be set to conform to the seniority structure.     

Finding Pareto Optimal Insurance Contracts

This paper deals with on-line computation—or step-wise learning—of Pareto optimal insurance contracts. Our approach tolerates that the loss distribution might be unknown, intractable, or not well specified. Thus we accommodate fairly inexperienced parties. Losses are here simulated or observed, one at a time, and they cause iterated revisions of the premium. The mechanical and global nature of probability calculus thereby yields to more tentative, myopic procedures, possibly closer to how humans operate or reason in face of risk. Sequential revisions may also reduce the expense of insurers' time and money in seeking sufficient statistics. Emphasized below is the remarkable simplicity and stability of the resulting adaptive procedures. Special attention goes to catastrophic risks, and to subsidized or competitive insurance.     

国际财务报告准则第4号:保险合同

目标 1.本国际财务报告准则的目标是在理事会完成保险合同项目第二阶段之前,规范所有签发保险合同的实体(本国际财务报告准则称之为承保人)对保险合同的财务报告.特别是,本国际财务报告准则要求:(1)承保人对保险合同的会计处理作有限的改进.(2)披露相关信息,明确和解释承保人财务报表中因保险合同而产生的金额,以帮助这些财务报表的使用者理解保险合同未来现金流量的金额、时间及其不确定性.     

Intergenerational Effects of Guaranteed Pension Contracts

In this paper we show that there exist intergenerational cross-subsidization effects in guaranteed interest rate life and pension contracts as the different generations partially share the same reserves. Early generations build up bonus reserves, which are left with the company at expiry of the contract. These bonus reserves function partly as a subsidy of later generations, such that the latter earn a risk-adjusted return above the risk-free rate. Furthermore, we show that this subsidy may be large enough to explain why late generations buy guaranteed interest rate products, which otherwise would not have been part of the optimal portfolio allocation.     

Equity Risk and the Labor Stock: The Case of Union Contracts

This paper investigates the role of the stock of unionized labor in determining equity investment risk. I estimate a labor stock measure based on expected compensation costs, and use the ratio of labor stock to total assets as a risk proxy. At the median, the labor stock is comparable in magnitude to total assets. Regression estimates show the associations between labor-based risk proxies and equity market risk measures are both economically and statistically significant. In addition, the labor-based measures provide risk information over and above information contained in standard risk proxies such as financial and operating leverage.     

Financial Contracts in PIPE Offerings: The Role of Expert Placement Agents

We examine how Private Investment in Public Equity (PIPE) contracts allocate contingent cash flow rights between investors and issuers and the role of placement agents in PIPE contract design. Issuers advised by expert agents agree to more investor‐friendly terms than issuers advised by nonexpert agents. Expert agents appear to help issuers understand the payoff consequences of negotiable terms. Moreover, expert agents allow issuers to negotiate more attractive pricing when they agree to investor‐friendly terms. Issuers earn higher postoffering stock returns when they use expert agents or agree to more investor‐friendly terms. These results suggest that the involvement of expert agents is beneficial to PIPE issuers.