模拟财务报告的编报和监管

模拟财务信息的编报起源于上市公司发生或即将发生重大资产重组时，按照重组后的业务和资产架构“模拟”历史时期的财务报表，以对外提供与公司未来价值更相关的决策信息。如果公司是从原企业分离出来的，也应以现有主体的架构编报以前期间的模拟财务报表。 “新经济”时代来临后，模拟财务信息被美国上市公司创造性地运用于收益公报(earnings press releases)。席卷大洋彼岸的会计危机，使众多质疑的目光集聚到这个信息披露的特殊角……     

表外披露性质解读及其启示:剩余控制权视角

本文从剩余控制权视角对表外披露进行解读:从信息生产和提供来看,经营者会计信息的剩余控制权更多地体现在表外披露信息上;从市场监管来看,表外披露规定体现了各国证券监管机构对证券市场的剩余监管权。这对理解现行财务报告模式及其发展有重要的意义。     

Simulation of Controlled Financial Statements

Many accounting and finance studies investigate the time-series properties of historical accounting records from corporate financial statements. Some of them have recognized the potential benefits of using disaggregated monthly accounting records. Disaggregated data are beneficial because one can use more data points within a relatively short period of time, thus reducing the chance of structural change. The added data points and reduction of the number of variables needed to accommodate potential structural changes can enhance the statistical power of any subsequent analysis. The use of disaggregated data may also improve the predictive ability of time-series analytic approaches. In order to systematically assess various financial indicators and investigate the effects of different organizational characteristics, a large number of monthly statements with certain predetermined characteristics are desirable. However, such statements are not readily available. At best, monthly statements can be obtained from a few volunteer companies. Under this circumstance, simulation of controlled financial statements seems to be a reasonable solution. This research explores a methodology for simulating complete monthly financial statements based on actual company quarterly financial statements. The methodology incorporates the interrelationships among accounting numbers and the effects of exogenous variables. To test the empirical validity and whether the monthly results derived from the quarterly data can accurately track the real monthly figures, we compare the results simulated by the proposed method and those generated by a naive random walk model. We test both complete financial statements for three companies and sales statistics from the retail industry. The results of both tests demonstrate the superiority of the method proposed by this study over a naive random walk model. The proposed simulation method provides an opportunity for researchers to examine the time-series properties of financial statement elements by using the monthly data of a large number of companies. In addition, the simulation approach allows researchers to perform cross sectional comparisons on companies with different characteristics (e.g., sales behavior patterns and degrees of stability) in their financial and economic activities. Moreover, it enables the researchers to manipulate some of these characteristics to test various hypotheses.     

财务会计报告编制中的目标导向

<企业会计准则一基本准则>第四条对财务会计报告的目标作出了规定.准则明确了财务会计报告是从企业财务状况、经营成果和现金流量三个方面提供能够反映企业管理层受托责任履行情况和有助于财务会计报告使用者作出经济决策的财务会计信息,这一目标无论是对财务会计报告编制还是注册会计师的财务会计报告鉴证,都起着核心指导作用.财务会计报告编制过程中大量的专业判断、编制形成的财务会计信息的信息质量保障以及注册会计师作为财务会计信息公允性鉴证者的鉴证风险控制,都需要以财务会计报告的目标为导向,始终不忘财务会计报告为使用者提供决策有用信息这一根本目标.     

Disclosure of Financial Commitments

A casualty of the transfer of disclosure rules from regulations to the Corporations Law to Australian Accounting Standards (and the later harmonisation of disclosure requirements with IFRS) has been the loss of a rule that required disclosure of off-balance sheet financial commitments and details of when those commitments would fall due.     

Assisting Inexperienced Accountants in Developing Financial Statements

Finnish accounting regulation allows firms a lot of discretion in affecting net profit, e.g. via tax depreciation on fixed assets and changes in untaxed reserves. The Tax Authorities use the net profit as a basis when calculating taxes for the period. This means that tax planning plays a central role in developing financial statements. The planning requires a lot of expertise and is often a difficult and time-consuming task, especially for less experienced accountants. The author has built a knowledge-based system to aid in developing the financial statements for limited companies. The usability of the system for inexperienced accountants has been tested and the system and the test conducted is described. The results of the test show that the system is of considerable help for inexperienced accountants.     

对会计报表附注信息披露制度的探讨

本文在分析会计报表附注信息披露制度建设现状的基础上 ,对会计报表附注信息披露制度的统一和完整 ;会计报表附注信息披露中企业性质的特殊考虑、成本与效益、公开与保密 ;以及会计报表附注信息披露制度的改革等问题提出了若干建议。     

合并会计报表若干理论问题探讨

作为财务会计三大难题之一 ,合并会计报表理论最近几年经历了重大变化。继美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB) 1995年颁布《合并财务报表———政策与程序》征求意见稿拟以主体观念取代母公司观念之后 ,其他发达国家的会计准则制定机构也纷纷对合并报表的编制观念进行反思。我国关于合并报表的规定也面临着修订和完善。基于此 ,本文拟从理论渊源、合并理念两个角度 ,论述合并报表的三种基本观念———所有者观、主体观、母公司观 ,并进行必要的评述。以此为基础 ,本文还将对我国合并会计报表的理论选择进行探讨。     

合并会计报表编制的两个问题

编制合并会计报表是为了综合反映母公司和子公司形成的企业集团的经营成果、财务状况及其变动情况,满足投资者、债权人、政府部门和其他相关报表使用者的需要。笔者就编制合并会计报表实际工作中遇到的两个问题予以探讨。子公司超额亏损在合并会计报表中的处理1.对于子公司经营不善已资不抵债,并且不具有持续经营能力的情况根据财政部《合并会计报表暂行规定》(财会字[1995]11号)和《关于合并会计报表合并范围请示的复函》(财会字[1996]2号)的相关规定,不具有持续经营能力的子公司不纳入公司合并会计报表范围,在这种情况下不存在合并会计报…     

超额亏损在合并会计报表中的会计处理

本文试图对已经资不抵债但仍继续经营的子公司的合并报表问题作一探索 ,以解决目前已经较为普遍存在的这类问题。该文首先分析了企业的现状、合并报表中存在的问题 ,针对不同情况下母公司对这类子公司承担责任的不同 ,提出了母公司对资不抵债子公司不同的合并处理方法     

将对未来的估计包含在今天的财务报表中

本文阐释了将对未来的估计包含在今天财务报表中的方式,而不是为什么应当将对未来的估计包含在今天财务报表中的问题。在今天的财务报表中包含对未来的估计并不是一个新概念,但用处却日益增加。这主要是因为会计准则制定机构认为,反映当前经济状况、并根据对未来的预期更新的对资产和负债的计量方式,将产生有利于做出经济决策的更为有用的信息,这正是财务报告的目标所在。这也是会计准则制定机构关注公允价值会计的原因。如何将对未来的估计包含在财务报表中,取决于资产和负债的计量属性,以及从财务报告角度对资产和负债的定义。现行资产和负债的定义取决于确定产生预期经济利益流入或流出的过去交易或事项,对于预期经济利益流入,还需要关注对预期的控制。因此,并不是所有预期经济利益的流入或流出都予以确认。附注披露能够帮助财务报表使用者理解已经在财务报表中确认的估计,并提供尚未确认估计的相关信息。将对未来的估计更多地包含在今天的财务报表中,将会产生与目前反映的收益有所不同的收益计量方式,但值得讨论的是,这种计量能够对经济决策提供更好的信息。     

正确认识财务报表的计量

本文试图探讨如何恰当地选择资产的计量属性。文章提出了三点可作为恰当选择计量属性的标准,同时也评论了IASB工作人员起草稿中的"计量因素",分析了把它作为计量标准的选择的恰当性。本文的写作受到IASB staffpaper的"财务报表计量"稿(2009年6月)的启发,并反映了该稿的若干观点。     

财务报表审计的目标和一般原则

《中国注册会计师审计准则第1101号——财务报表审计的目标与一般原则》依据鉴证业务基本准则制定,统领规范财务报表审计的其余38项审计准则,在审计准则体系中占有重要地位。下面对该准则的重点、难点进行简要介绍。     

财务报表审计中对舞弊的考虑

《中国注册会计师审计准则第1141号——财务报表审计中对舞弊的考虑》共有14章、90条。该准则界定了注册会计师在财务报表审计中对发现和报告舞弊的责任,并对注册会计师识别、评估和应对舞弊风险做出了规范。下面简要介绍一下该准则的一些重点和难点。     

关于资不抵债子公司的合并报表问题

在资不抵债子公司合并报表时有一个特殊的问题:母公司应收该子公司的内部往来要不要计提坏账准备?由于母公司这种应收款如同投资款一样,实际上已形成损失,难以全部收回,计提坏账准备是必需的,如不计提将会导致母公司报表和合并报表少计损失、虚增利润;但是,如果计提坏账准备,在