共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
Summary Economic designs of single and double screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on two screening variables
are presented for the case of one-sided specification limit. Two screening variables are observed simultaneously in single
screening procedure and are observed sequentially in double screening procedure. It is assumed that the performance variable
and the two screening variables are jointly normally distributed. Three quality cost functions — constant, linear, and quadratic
— are considered. Cost models are constructed which involve screening inspection cost, and costs of accepted and rejected
item. Methods of finding the optimal cutoff values are presented and a numerical example is given. 相似文献
2.
Summary An economic two-stage screening procedure based on screening and performance variables is proposed. A screening variable is used first to decide whether an item should be accepted, rejected, or undecided. The performance variable is then used to classify the undecided items. The two variables are assumed to have a bivariate normal distribution. A cost model is constructed which involves costs due to screening and performance inspections and misclassification errors. Optimal cutoff values on the screening variable minimizing the expected cost are obtained subject to the constraint that the outgoint quality exceeds a prespecified level. Methods of finding the optimal cutoff values are presented for both parameters-known and parameters-unknown cases. 相似文献
3.
Summary Economic design of one-sided screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on a screening variable is
considered for the case with all parameters unknown. It is assumed that the performance and screening variables are jointly
normally distributed and that costs are incurred by screening inspection, acceptance of an imperfect item, and disposition
of a rejected one. A method for finding optimal cutoff value based on the predictive distribution is presented. 相似文献
4.
Mette Anthonsen ?sa L?fgren Klas Nilsson Joakim Westerlund 《Economics of Governance》2012,13(2):145-168
This paper introduces quality of government rather than regime type as dependent variable in studies of political effects
of natural resources. It consists of two parts. First, it argues for an effect of fiscal dependency of oil and gas rents on
quality of government. Second, it finds significant, negative effects of oil and gas rent dependency on three empirical indicators
of quality of government—low corruption, bureaucratic quality and legal impartiality—in a sample of 139 states in the period
1984–2006. The results hold for inclusion of control variables such as regime type, income, region and religion. 相似文献
5.
Xiaodong Yan Hongni Wang Wei Wang Jinhan Xie Yanyan Ren Xinjun Wang 《International Journal of Forecasting》2021,37(3):1147-1155
This article considers ultrahigh-dimensional forecasting problems with survival response variables. We propose a two-step model averaging procedure for improving the forecasting accuracy of the true conditional mean of a survival response variable. The first step is to construct a class of candidate models, each with low-dimensional covariates. For this, a feature screening procedure is developed to separate the active and inactive predictors through a marginal Buckley–James index, and to group covariates with a similar index size together to form regression models with survival response variables. The proposed screening method can select active predictors under covariate-dependent censoring, and enjoys sure screening consistency under mild regularity conditions. The second step is to find the optimal model weights for averaging by adapting a delete-one cross-validation criterion, without the standard constraint that the weights sum to one. The theoretical results show that the delete-one cross-validation criterion achieves the lowest possible forecasting loss asymptotically. Numerical studies demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed variable screening and model averaging procedures over existing methods. 相似文献
6.
Anna Vári 《Quality and Quantity》1991,25(1):1-17
Problem formulation is the most critical phase of the decision making process. This, particularly in the case of high level
multi-stakeholder problems, is not trivial, as the problems do not come “neatly packaged”.
The procedure presented in this paper aims to support (i) the exploration of the stakeholders' mental constructs, and (ii)
the generation, comparison and synthesis of alternative problem formulations. The suggested procedure — while using the decision
analytic approach of the traditional text analysis procedures, follows an inverse, bottom-up direction of analysis: first
the individual arguments inherent in the text are explored, then taking them as a starting point, the structures behind the
arguments are identified. 相似文献
7.
Summary Economic screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on screening variables are presented for the cases
of one- and two-sided specification limits. It is assumed that the performance and screening variables are jointly normally
distributed and that costs are incurred by screening inspection and misclassification errors. When all parameters are known,
a closed-form solution is obtained for the case of one-sided specification limit and an approximate closed-form solution is
derived for the case of two-sided specification limits. Methods for finding optimal solutions based on normal conditioned
ont-distribution are presented for the cases of unknown parameters. 相似文献
8.
Estimation and inference in two-stage,semi-parametric models of production processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Many papers have regressed non-parametric estimates of productive efficiency on environmental variables in two-stage procedures to account for exogenous factors that might affect firms’ performance. None of these have described a coherent data-generating process (DGP). Moreover, conventional approaches to inference employed in these papers are invalid due to complicated, unknown serial correlation among the estimated efficiencies. We first describe a sensible DGP for such models. We propose single and double bootstrap procedures; both permit valid inference, and the double bootstrap procedure improves statistical efficiency in the second-stage regression. We examine the statistical performance of our estimators using Monte Carlo experiments. 相似文献
9.
Dmitriy Volinskiy Michele Veeman Wiktor Adamowicz 《Decisions in Economics and Finance》2011,34(2):121-139
A decision problem—allocating public research and development (R&D) funding—is faced by a planner who has ambiguous knowledge
of welfare effects of the various research areas. We model this as a reverse portfolio choice problem faced by a Bayesian
decision-maker. Two elements of the planner’s inferential system are developed: a conditional distribution of welfare ‘returns’
on an allocation, given stated preferences of citizens for the different areas, and a minimum risk criterion for re-allocating
these funds, given the performance of a status quo level of funding. A case study of Canadian public research funds expended
on various applications of agricultural biotechnology is provided. The decision-making methodology can accommodate a variety
of collective expenditure and resource allocation problems. 相似文献
10.
Prof. S. Morgenthaler 《Metrika》1992,39(1):45-55
The fitting of a straight line — or more generally of a low degree polynomial — to a point cloud in the plane is a commonly
performed statistical technique. This paper discusses the bias of such a procedure and in particular generalizes the well-known
remainder formula for polynomial interpolation to the regression setting. Designs minimizing the maximum bias are discussed
as well. 相似文献
11.
Stan Malos 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2010,22(2):113-131
The practice of offshoring—staffing all or part of a business outside the home country—has proliferated to such an extent
that the question for most multinational corporations (MNCs) is where, not if, some or all of its labor forces should be located
beyond geopolitical borders. It remains an open question, however, where and under what conditions the hoped-for advantages
of offshore staffing are best realized. While cost savings continue to play the major role for most companies, both quality
and availability of worker skills and administrative and regulatory contexts of labor markets have increasingly influenced
global staffing decision processes. This paper has two purposes: to examine the extent to which employment laws and other
regulatory factors can impact—beyond cost concerns alone—the decision where to offshore, and to offer a methodology for developing
attractiveness profiles that can help governments, service providers, and MNCs evaluate and improve the match between staffing
needs and labor market characteristics. By examining financial considerations in conjunction with administrative and regulatory
effects, the parties can better manage ongoing expansion of offshore staffing arrangements beyond more established locations
such as India, China, and Malaysia. Strategic implications of a trend toward nearshoring—relocating offshore operations closer
to or within the home country—are also discussed. 相似文献
12.
Erich Weede 《Quality and Quantity》1991,25(4):421-438
Inspired by public choice theories — in particular the work of Bernholz, Downs, Olson and Tullock — two propositions are advanced.
First, the older a democracy is, the slower its growth rates should become. Second, the higher the social security spending
is, the slower economic growth rates should become. Pooled regression analysis and the growth experience of 19 OECD nations
between 1960 and 1985 allow for an empirical test. Unfortunately, results very much depend on a technical issue, i.e., on
the inclusion or exclusion of period and country dummy variables. It is argued that inclusion of the dummies is misleading.
If you accept these arguments, then the propositions linking age of democracy or social security transfers on the one hand
and lower economic growth rates on the other hand are confirmed. 相似文献
13.
A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Robert M. O’brien 《Quality and Quantity》2007,41(5):673-690
The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and tolerance are both widely used measures of the degree of multi-collinearity of the
ith independent variable with the other independent variables in a regression model. Unfortunately, several rules of thumb
– most commonly the rule of 10 – associated with VIF are regarded by many practitioners as a sign of severe or serious multi-collinearity
(this rule appears in both scholarly articles and advanced statistical textbooks). When VIF reaches these threshold values
researchers often attempt to reduce the collinearity by eliminating one or more variables from their analysis; using Ridge
Regression to analyze their data; or combining two or more independent variables into a single index. These techniques for
curing problems associated with multi-collinearity can create problems more serious than those they solve. Because of this,
we examine these rules of thumb and find that threshold values of the VIF (and tolerance) need to be evaluated in the context
of several other factors that influence the variance of regression coefficients. Values of the VIF of 10, 20, 40, or even
higher do not, by themselves, discount the results of regression analyses, call for the elimination of one or more independent
variables from the analysis, suggest the use of ridge regression, or require combining of independent variable into a single
index. 相似文献
14.
This paper seeks to design an elaborate and effective “sampling audit and payment process” for a single-payer system of national
health insurance. Furthermore, contrive incentive mechanisms in the “sampling audit and payment process” to make the healthcare
providers willing to apply for their medical claim payments straightforwardly. A framework of “medical claim payment auditing
by double sampling plan (MCPAD)” procedure based on the lot-by-lot double sampling plan was proposed to curb the growth of
medical expenses. The proposed procedure entertains several advantages, including: (1) it meets international standards of
sampling plan; (2) it simplifies the auditing process; (3) it reduces sample size and auditing costs; and (4) it encourages
healthcare providers using an honest medical claim payment through the incentive mechanisms. This study successfully reduces
the sampling cost and effectively audits the claimed medical fees as well as encourages healthcare providers to straightforwardly
apply for their medical claim payments. Practically, the proposed MCPAD procedure is also applied to healthcare provider.
It is anticipated that the proposed procedure in other nations in the future. 相似文献
15.
Faraz and Parsian (Statistical Paper, 47: 569–593, 2006) have shown that the double warning lines (DWL) scheme detects process
shifts more quickly than the other variable ratio sampling schemes such as variable sample sizes (VSS), variable sampling
intervals (VSI) and variable sample sizes and sampling intervals (VSSVSI). In this paper, the DWLT2control chart for monitoring the process mean vector is economically designed. The cost model proposed by Costa and Rahim
(Journal of Applied Statistics, 28: 875–885, 2001) is used here and is minimized through a genetic algorithm (GA) approach.
Then the effects of the model parameters on the chart parameters and resulting operating loss is studied and finally a comparison
between all possible variable ratio sampling (VRS) schemes are made to choose the best option economically. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Marschak 《Review of Economic Design》1996,2(1):1-31
A classic puzzle in the economic theory of the firm concerns the fundamental cause of decreasing returns to scale. If a plant
producing product quantityX at costC can be replicated as often as desired, then the quantityrX need never cost more thanrC. Traditionally the firm is imagined to take its identity from a fixednon-replicable input, namely a ‘top manager’; as more plants or divisions are added, the communication and computation burden imposed on
the top manager (who has information not possessed by the divisions) grows more than proportionately. Decreasing returns are
experienced as the top manager hires more variable inputs to cope with the rising burden. Suppose it turns out, however, that
when the divisions are assembled, and are given exactly the same totally independent tasks that they fulfilled when they were
autonomous, then asaving can be achieved if they adopt a joint procedure for performing those tasks rather than replicating their previous separate
procedures. Then the top manager's rising burden must be shown to be particularly onerous—otherwise there may actually beincreasing returns.
We show that for a certain model of the information-processing procedure used by the separate divisions and by the firm, there
may indeed be such an odd unexpected saving. The saving occurs with respect to the size of the language in which members of
each division, or of the firm, communicate with one another, provided that language is finite. If instead the language is
a continuum then the saving cannot occur, provided that the procedures used obey suitable ‘smoothness’ conditions. We show
that the saving for the finite case can be ruled out in two ways: by requiring the procedures used to obey a regularity condition
that is a crude analogue of the smoothness conditions we impose on the continuum procedures, or by insisting that the procedure
used be a ‘deterministic’ protocol. Such a protocol prescribes a conversation among the participants, in which a participant
has only one choice, whenever that participant has to make an announcement to the others.
The results suggest that a variety of information-processing models will have to be studied before the traditional explanation
for decreasing returns to scale is understood in a rigorous way. 相似文献
17.
In the last few years, “Run-to-Run” (R2R) control techniques have been developed and used to control various processes in
industries. These techniques combine control engineering and statistical process control techniques. The R2R controller is
basically consists of a linear regression model that relates the input variables to the output variables using Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) or double EWMA (dEWMA) scheme. In this paper, we have developed a quadratic R2R controller
model as an extension of Box, Luceno and Del Castillo models. The validity and performance of the developed models were tested
in the magnetic ceramic process. By this study we have found that the quadratic model improves capability of process and applying
dEWMA procedure decreases variance of the response variables. The results of the study shows that the quadratic R2R control
models outperform linear R2R controls in the certain manufacturing process. 相似文献
18.
Faraz Alireza Kazemzadeh R. B. Moghadam M. B. Parsian Ahmad 《Quality and Quantity》2012,46(4):1323-1336
Faraz and Parsian (Stat Pap 47:569–593, 2006) have shown that the double warning lines (DWL) scheme detects process shifts more quickly than the other variable ratio
sampling schemes such as variable sample sizes (VSS), variable sampling intervals (VSI) and variable sample sizes and sampling
intervals (VSSVSI). In this paper, the DWL T2 control chart for monitoring the process mean vector is economically designed. The cost model proposed by Costa and Rahim
(J Appl Stat 28:875–885, 2001) is used here and is minimized through a genetic algorithm (GA) approach. Then the effects of the model parameters on the
chart parameters and resulting operating loss is studied and finally a comparison between all possible variable ratio sampling
(VRS) schemes are made to choose the best option economically. 相似文献
19.
This study found out there were nonlinear relationships between the R&D project performance and its determinants—R&D project
manager’s skills, quality of project environment, and teamwork effectiveness—by using the Fuzzy Associative Memory (FAM) technique
in the IC design industry of Taiwan. The results showed that R&D project manager’s skills and quality of project environment
had significantly inverse U-shaped effects on the R&D project performance, while teamwork effectiveness had almost monotonic
positive influence upon it. Therefore, there were optimal values for R&D project manager’s skills and quality of project environment
for the R&D project performance in the Taiwanese IC design companies, although they can raise teamwork effectiveness as much
as possible. 相似文献
20.
Emmanuel Flachaire Sullivan Hué Sébastien Laurent Gilles Hacheme 《Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics》2024,86(3):519-540
Despite their high predictive performance, random forest and gradient boosting are often considered as black boxes which has raised concerns from practitioners and regulators. As an alternative, we suggest using partial linear models that are inherently interpretable. Specifically, we propose to combine parametric and non-parametric functions to accurately capture linearities and non-linearities prevailing between dependent and explanatory variables, and a variable selection procedure to control for overfitting issues. Estimation relies on a two-step procedure building upon the double residual method. We illustrate the predictive performance and interpretability of our approach on a regression problem. 相似文献