益贫式增长的内涵及其实现路径：一个文献综述

益贫式增长是对穷人有利的经济增长,它关注穷人在经济增长中的受益程度,被认为是有效减贫的最佳经济增长模式。益贫式增长理论认为经济增长是减贫的最大动力,但是经济增长是减贫的必要而非充分条件,高速的经济增长必须配合更公平的收入分配制度才能实现贫困快速下降。实现益贫式增长主要有两种途径：一种是通过经济增长直接提高穷人收入;另一种是通过政府公共再分配使贫困人口从经济增长中间接获益。本文通过对益贫式增长的含义及其实现路径相关文献进行回顾和总结,以期为学界进一步研究提供参考。     

Do economies stall?

A ‘stalling’ economy has been defined as one that experiences a discrete deterioration in economic performance following a decline in its growth rate to below some threshold level. We examine the international evidence for stalling in a panel of 51 economies using two different definitions of a stall threshold (time-invariant and related to lagged average growth rates). We find that the evidence for stalling is limited: only 7–12 of the economies in our sample experience statistically significant stalls at the 5% level based on any one definition.     

中国区域经济增长关联性与协调发展研究

文章提出了区域间经济增长关联性的定义,并以此定义为基础对我国东部、中部、西部及东北四大政策区域间经济增长的关联性进行检验。结果表明:①西部与东部及东北地区间均形成了良好的相互促进的经济增长关联性。同时,中部、东部及西部等三大地区之间也形成了较好的经济增长关联性。除此之外,其他区域组合之间不存在经济增长关联性。②西部经济增长是东部及东北地区经济增长的Granger原因,而东部、东北及西部同为中部地区经济增长的Granger原因。③利用VAR模型的脉冲响应函数方法分析了各区域的经济增长受到干扰后对其他区域经济增长的影响,并发现,发达的东部地区对欠发达的中部、西部及东北地区的经济具有明显的带动作用。然而,这些欠发达区域的经济对于东部地区的经济增长没有产生较强的推进作用,而且,欠发达区域之间也没有形成相互促进经济增长的机制。最后,提出了增强我国区域经济增长的关联性以推动区域经济协调发展进程的政策建议。     

经济增长质量的研究进展与学术展望

改革开放40多年来,中国经济铸就了高速增长奇迹,目前已经具备向高质量发展转变的客观条件。本文通过梳理中国经济增长质量的相关文献,总结当下经济增长质量问题的研究不足和未来研究方向。研究发现：关于经济增长质量的文献集中在经济增长质量的内涵界定和解析、经济增长质量的评价维度与定量测度、经济增长质量的影响因素与调控政策等方面,研究成果较为丰富,但也存在经济增长质量的评价指标选取不一致、经济增长质量的评价指标缺乏宏微观维度区分、经济增长速度和增长质量关系认识不清等问题,今后学术研究当以此为重点突破方向。本文关于经济增长质量的文献梳理和评价,对各界理解经济高质量发展,确定经济增长质量的研究方向具有重要意义。     

Tax structure and economic growth

Past theoretical work predicts that higher corporate tax rates should decrease economic growth rates, while the effects of high personal tax rates are less clear. In this paper, we explore how tax policies in fact affect a country's growth rate, using cross-country data during 1970–1997. We find that statutory corporate tax rates are significantly negatively correlated with cross-sectional differences in average economic growth rates, controlling for various other determinants of economic growth, and other standard tax variables. In fixed-effect regressions, we again find that increases in corporate tax rates lead to lower future growth rates within countries. The coefficient estimates suggest that a cut in the corporate tax rate by 10 percentage points will raise the annual growth rate by one to two percentage points.     

Do Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Domestic Investment Promote Economic Growth?

The paper attempts to show causal relationships between economic growth and FDI and GDI in 80 countries over the period 1971–95, by using a panel VAR model. The results show that FDI Granger–causes economic growth, and vice versa; however, the effects are rather more apparent from growth to FDI than from FDI to growth. Also, GDI does not Granger–cause economic growth, but economic growth robustly Granger–causes GDI. These findings suggest that strong positive associations between economic growth and FDI inflows or GDI rates do not necessarily mean that high FDI inflows or GDI rates lead to rapid economic growth.     

Energy exports,globalization and economic growth: The case of South Caucasus

We examine the effect of energy exports and globalization on economic growth using the bias-corrected least square dummy variable model in a panel of five South Caucasus countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Russia and Turkey) over the period of 1990–2009. We provide evidence that higher energy exports and globalization expand economic growth. Also, we find that higher economic, political and social integrations are associated with higher growth rates. Furthermore, we find that greater energy exports contribute to higher growth rates in the course of globalization. In particular, higher energy exports lead to higher growth rates in the period of increasing economic and political integration. We therefore emphasize that energy exports, global integration, and their interaction effects are important determinants of economic growth in the South Caucasus region.     

人力资本对湖南经济增长贡献的实证研究

人力资本正逐步取代物质资本和劳动,成为经济增长的关键因素。通过构建以科布一道格拉斯生产函数为基础的计量经济模型,定量分析了人力资本在湖南经济发展中的作用,并对人力资本的作用进行了省际间的横向比较,得出结论：人力资本虽对湖南经济增长发挥着积极作用,但其作用机制不如北京和广东两地强。因此,建议通过增加教育经费投入、强化人才吸纳机制等措施提高湖南人力资本存量。     

DOES ECONOMIC GROWTH EXHIBIT A DIFFERENT IMPACT ON JOB CREATION AND JOB DESTRUCTION?

The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the link between economic growth and unemployment, using microeconometric evidence for the United Kingdom. The results show a significant and negative relation between unemployment and economic growth, using fixed effects panel regression methods. This implies that faster sectoral change, driven by higher rates of innovation and therefore by higher rates of economic growth, would foster structural unemployment. Moreover, we find that economic growth even more strongly influences job creation and job destruction.     

New general theory of economic development: Innovative growth and distribution

Economic development, which refers to the process of progressive transformation of an economy, is a multifaceted term without a universal definition. This article presents the constitutive elements of economic development: growth, distribution, and innovation. Economic development has been ubiquitous with the economic progress of “developing” countries, but the changing economic circumstances of “developed” countries, such as stagnant growth, regional economic disparity within developed countries, and deepening income gaps among citizens of developed countries, have made this term also relevant to address the economic problems of developed countries. The mechanisms of economic development, with respect to both developed and developing countries, are elusive, and the existing theories have not been able to explain these mechanisms of economic development adequately. This article reviews the existing theories and presents a new theoretical framework to explain the process of economic development.     

Income Tax, Property Tax, and Tariff in a Small Open Economy

Why do some countries enjoy high economic growth rates while some suffer in “low-growth traps”? Why are tax policies in different countries so different? Some suggest that it is exactly these differences in government policies which contribute to the difference in economic growth rates. This paper considers a small open economy which sustains its economic growth by adopting new technologies. When the value of initial wealth is “relatively small,” policies which promote growth most result in the highest welfare. In other cases, policies that discourage growth most may be welfare-maximizing.     

EQUILIBRIUM GROWTH IN A MONETARY ECONOMY WITH TRANSACTIONS COSTS*

The paper describes a dynamic general equilibrium monetary economy with technological primitives that are consistent with the possibility of asymptotic equilibrium growth. The paper focuses on the relationship between equilibrium financing constraints on investment goods, transaction costs and economic growth. A generalized growth condition is derived that involves both monetary growth rates and transaction costs. The condition is used to show that (i) although inflation taxes can potentially exert a negative influence on long-run economic growth, these growth effects cannot in general be arbitrarily large; and (ii) for some monetary growth rates, money is superneutral in contrast to the models of Stockman and Abel. Numerical work indicates that although the welfare and growth effects of decreasing nominal interest rates from a benchmark are large, the costs associated with raising nominal interest rates from benchmark are not.     

旅游概念诠释

旅游概念的内涵与外延的不确定,不仅影响旅游学科的构架与理论体系发展,而且影响旅游科学具体问题的研究。随着社会发展伦理观从“经济发展”观向“可持续发展观”的转变,有必要对旅游的定义进行科学的阐释。文章在分析了现有的旅游观点:“旅游是不是产业”和旅游是指“旅游者的活动”,对已有的旅游定义进行了归类分析,并提出了旅游的概念性定义。     

Fiscal position and the financing of productive government expenditures: an application to Latin America

Government spending on public infrastructure, education, and health care can increase economic growth. However, the appropriate financing depends on a country’s fiscal position. We develop a two-sector endogenous growth model to explore how variations in the composition and financing of government expenditures affect economic growth. We find that, when tax rates are moderate, funding public investment by raising taxes may increase long-run growth. If existing tax rates are high, public investment is only growth enhancing if funded by restructuring the composition of overall public spending. Additionally, public investment that is debt financed can have adverse effects on long-run growth due to the resulting increases in interest rates and debt-servicing costs.     

Top marginal taxation and economic growth

The article explores the relationship between top marginal tax rates on personal income and economic growth. Using a data set of consistently measured top marginal tax rates for a panel of 18 OECD countries over the period 1965–2009, this article finds evidence in favour of a quadratic top tax–growth relationship. This represents the first reported evidence of a nonmonotonic significant relationship between top marginal income tax rates and economic growth. The point estimates of the regressions suggest that the marginal effect of higher top tax rates becomes negative above a growth-maximizing tax rate in the order of 60%. As top marginal tax rates observed after 1980 are below the estimated growth-maximizing level in most of the countries considered, a positive linear relationship between top marginal tax rates and GDP growth is found over the sub-period 1980–2009. Overall, results show that raising top marginal tax rates which are below their growth maximizing has the largest positive impact on growth when the related additional revenues are used to finance productive public expenditure, reduce budget deficits or reduce some other form of distortionary taxation.     

Influence of economic factors on the valuation effects of debt offerings

The obejective of this paper is to determine whether the share price responses to debt offerings are influenced cross-sectially by economic factors. We develop hypotheses that share price responses are inversely related to nominal interest rates, and to the issuing firm's stock price level relative to the market, and positively related to economic growth. After controlling for firm-specific characteristics used in previous studies, we find that the share price responses to straight debt offerings are not significantly related to the nominal interest rates or to the issuing firm's relative stock price level, but are positively related to the economic growth. We also find that share price responses to convertible debt offerings are significantly related to the nominal interest rates, the issuing firm's relative stock price level, and economic growth in the manner hypothesized. These results imply that the signal emitted by a firm's debt offering can be influecnced not only by firm-specific characteristics, but also by prevailing economic conditions.     

Financial depth,internet penetration rates and economic growth: country-panel evidence

The article investigates causal relationships between internet penetration rates, financial depth and per capita economic growth in the Next-11 countries. Using panel vector autoregressive (VAR) approaches, our empirical results show that these variables are cointegrated. Moreover, we find bidirectional causality between internet penetration rates and economic growth, and between financial depth and economic growth in the short run.     

中国经济的包容性增长:测量与评价

本文首先对包容性增长的基本内涵进行了综述,在此基础上,构建了一套由4个维度、7个领域、13个指标组成的包容性增长指数;然后对评价指标赋权重,形成了一套包容性增长的综合评价指标体系;最后,运用该指标体系对1990-2009年中国的包容性增长进行了测量,并根据测量结果提出了建议。评价结果发现,中国经济增长总体上呈现包容性趋势,经济增长迅速并且带来了就业增长,提高了人的基本能力和基础社会保障水平,但是中国包容性增长整体水平比较低,并且发展缓慢,收入不平等越来越显著,成为中国实现经济包容性增长的巨大障碍。因此,应该从实现机会平等角度设计政策,追求经济增长的包容性。     

包容性增长研究述评

传统的经济增长理论不考虑其对减贫和不平等的影响,然而,近年来减贫速度的下降和不平等的增长促使人们重新认识经济增长。作为利贫增长的替代,包容性增长成为世界银行和许多国家的发展战略,本文从定义、度量、诊断、机制和理论基础等方面详细介绍了包容性增长的产生、发展以及将来的研究方向。     

ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND GROWTH IN U.S. STATE‐LEVEL MARKET INCOMES AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM

This paper investigates the relationship between economic freedom and income growth and inequality across U.S. states over the period 1979–2011. The focus is on market income at the top and bottom of the income distribution. Results show that increases in overall freedom are associated with average income growth. When viewed separately, an increase in overall freedom is associated with larger income growth rates for income earners in the bottom 90% relative to the top 10%. Interestingly, results show that increases in overall economic freedom are related to larger relative growth rates for the top 10% incomes within high‐income states and larger relative growth rates for the bottom 90% incomes within low‐income states. Top‐to‐bottom income ratio regressions suggest a negative and statistically significant relationship between economic freedom and income inequality. (JEL D63, P16, R11)