Productivity change and externalities: empirical evidence from Hungary

This paper contributes to the analysis of the impact of externalities on the host country’s total factor productivity by taking into account different dimensions of spillover effects. Namely, engagement in exporting and foreign ownership is generally perceived as being beneficial to individual firms and the economy as a whole. The approach used in the current research accounts for different internal as well as external factors that individual firms face and evaluates the effect on changes in productivity, technology as well as the efficiency of domestic firms. The empirical analysis focuses on Hungary. While the country leads the group of post-socialist countries in the amount of attracted foreign direct investments (FDI) the effect of this policy on the economy remains unclear. The research finds that different externalities play a different role in productivity, technological and efficiency change in different types of firms and sectors of the economy.     

中国保险业全要素生产率研究

基于非参数的Malmquist指数方法,本文对我国1999～2006年间保险业的全要素生产率变化状况进行了动态分析,针对众多的研究方法都存在决策单元规模报酬不变假定,以及决策单元向生产前沿面逼近路径只能选择径向,即仅考虑投入或产出变化情况的缺陷,本文提出修正的Malmquist指数模型.实证发现,中国保险业全要素生产率在1999～2006年问有所提高,其中"追赶效应"较为明显而"增长效应"还未完全显现,这说明保险机构更加注重提高自身技术效率水平而非创新能力提高生产的有效性,依然没有处理好效率进步与技术进步的关系,保险机构需要进一步提升技术创新的能力.     

Financial Disruptions and Bank Productivity Growth: Evidence from the Malaysian Experience

This paper examines, for the first time, the productivity of the Malaysian banking sector around the Asian financial crisis 1997. The non-parametric Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is used to compute individual banks’ productivity levels. We find that the Malaysian banking sector has exhibited productivity regress due to the decline in efficiency. The results seem to suggest that the domestic banks have exhibited productivity progress attributed to technological change, while the foreign banks have exhibited productivity regress due to efficiency decline. We find that the large banks tend to experience productivity growth attributed to technological progress, while the small banks tend to experience productivity decline due to technological regress. The empirical results suggest that the small banks with its limited capabilities are at a disadvantage compared with their larger counterparts in terms of technological advancements, thus, rejecting the divisibility theory.     

Productivity change and its determinants among leading mobile operators in Europe

The European mobile telecommunications industry has seen increased competition and market saturation in recent years, so improving productivity will become crucially important for mobile operators in the near future. This study adopts a bootstrap Malmquist index approach to estimate productivity change among a sample of 23 of Europe's leading mobile operators over the 2008 to 2009 period. Using a second-stage regression, this article also analyses the determinants of productivity changes in terms of regulation, competition and ownership structure. The results show that mobile companies operating in countries that have recently joined the EU have a positive association with productivity change, in contrast to their counterparts in South-East Europe. Concerning market competition, the leading mobile operators that experience higher productivity changes operate in more concentrated markets. The results also indicate that international mobile operators perform better in terms of productivity change than their national equivalents. Finally, some of the implications of the findings for mobile operators’ management and policymakers are provided.     

The productivity of French technology transfer offices after government reforms

This article assesses the productivity change of the French technology transfer offices (TTOs) after the introduction of the July 1999 innovation law and the new public management oriented reform. By using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based Malmquist productivity index, we find an average increase in the short-term productivity of the French TTOs driven by both positive efficiency and technology change. The bootstrap analysis reveals that these improvements are ascribed to 50% of the TTO systems, while the remaining part does not show significant changes. Moreover, while older TTOs positively contribute to the performance of French TTOs in the short run, young TTOs with hospital seem to contribute negatively to the efficiency of the entire system.     

中国钢铁行业全要素生产效率实证分析

基于动态DEA的非参数Malmquist指数法,分析了1992～2007年中国28个省市钢铁行业全要素生产率以及七大经济区钢铁行业全要素生产率变动情况,并将全要素生产率的变动分解为技术进步、纯技术效率、规模效率三个指标,分析了这三个指标对中国钢铁行业全要素生产率的影响。结果显示,中国钢铁行业TFP的增长主要是由技术进步推动的,当技术进步促进TFP提升时,总会受到技术效率相对下降对TFP增长的抑制;七大经济区钢铁行业全要素生产率存在明显级差,低效经济区学习和追赶高效经济区的效应也应该发挥更大作用;钢铁产业各经济区产能应实现在高效率地区的相对集中,获取行业的规模经济;各经济区都应该注重钢铁行业管理水平的提高,突破钢铁行业能效提高的技术效率瓶颈。     

环境约束下中国造纸产业全要素生产率分析

文章基于中国、美国和日本等11个国家造纸产业的相关投入产出数据,利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对11国的造纸产业的生产效率水平进行了分析。根据环境规制的特征,通过应用Malmquist方法测算了环境规制之下中国以及其他10个国家2000-2008年的生产率及其成分,并与不考虑环境因素的传统全要素生产率进行对比研究。研究结果表明：考虑环境管制后11个国家的造纸工业平均全要素生产效率是下降的;具体每个国家而言,考虑环境管制后美国、奥地利和中国的全要素生产率比不考虑环境规制要高,而其他八个国家的全要素生产率则是下降。根据研究结论,文章认为促进中国造纸产业的发展主要从三方面着手：一是进一步促进中国造纸产业的工业规模化发展;二是加快造纸产业技术创新;三是提高企业的生产管理水平。     

Luenberger and Malmquist Productivity Indices: Theoretical Comparisons and Empirical Illustration

This contribution establishes, from a theoretical viewpoint, the relations between the Malmquist productivity indices, that measure in either input or output orientations, and the Luenberger productivity indices, that can simultaneously contract inputs and expand outputs, but that can also measure in either input or output orientations. The main result is that a Malmquist productivity index overestimates productivity changes, since it provides productivity measures that are nearly twice those given by the Luenberger productivity index looking for simultaneous contractions of inputs and expansions of outputs. This relationship is empirically illustrated using data from 20 OECD countries over the 1974–97 period.     

International benchmarking of electricity distribution utilities

Benchmarking by means of applying the DEA model is appearing as an interesting alternative for regulators under the new regimes for electricity distributors. A sample of large electricity distribution utilities from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and The Netherlands for the year 1997 is studied by assuming a common production frontier for all countries. The peers supporting the benchmark frontier are from all countries. New indices describing cross-country connections at the level of individual peers and their inefficient units as well as between countries are developed, and novel applications of Malmquist productivity indices comparing units from different countries are performed.     

中国农业全要素生产率的变动趋势及区域差异——基于1978～2008年曼奎斯特指数分析

使用1978～2008年省域面板数据,运用非参数曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数模型测算了中国农业全要素生产率的变动指数,并分析了全要素生产率(TFP)的时空差异。结果表明:全国、三大地区及绝大多数省份农业TFP的增长主要属于技术进步型的增长;全国及三大地区农业TFP增长呈现出明显的波动特征;农业TFP增长呈现出显著的区域间和区域内省际间的不平衡;农业技术效率的下滑制约全国及三大地区农业TFP的增长,而农业技术效率下滑是纯技术效率损失和规模效率下降共同作用的结果。     

Productivity and technical change: Measurement and testing

This paper considers two specifications, namely, the time trend (TT) and general index (GI) of technical change. These models are extended to accommodate the TFP growth accounting relationship in to the econometric model. We also propose a formal test to determine whether the TT or the GI model is appropriate for the data. I would like to thank Badi Baltagi for his comments and Peter Schmidt for suggesting the test proposed in the paper. None, other than me, is responsible for any remaining errors.     

通信设备制造业全要素生产率增长与技术进步

本文基于通信设备制造业23家上市公司2001～2006年的面板数据,利用非参数DEA模型的Malmquist指数,测算了通信设备制造业的全要素生产效率和技术进步效率。结果表明,通信设备制造业的全要素生产效率主要来源于规模效率而不是技术进步效率,并且技术效率一直是退步的。在此基础上。构建了影响我国通信设备制造业全要素生产效率和技术进步效率的面板数据模型,检验了影响因素的方向和程度。实证结果表明,通信设备制造业还处于规模报酬递增阶段,增加公司规模可以促进生产效率的提高,公司的研发创新能力和员工的受教育程度对公司全要素生产率和技术进步效率有着重要的正向作用,提高员工的受教育程度和加强公司创新能力应该是公司下一步经营的重点。     

基础设施在中国农业全要素生产率中的作用

This paper uses the Malmquist index to examine the sources of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Chinese agriculture. The overall goal of this study is to create a framework for assessing the trend of China’s agricultural infrastructure and to measure its impact on Total Factor Productivity. The main methodological contribution is to provide more contributive measure of crop-specific technologies. Based on the province-level panel data set during 1988–2002, the primary finding is that infrastructure has positively and statistically significant association with the estimated coefficient on Total Factor Productivity for rice, wheat, maize, and bean. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Circularity of the Malmquist productivity index

The geometric mean version of the Malmquist productivity index does not satisfy the circular test, and its component adjacent period indexes can give different productivity change measures for the same data. A fixed-base version of the index solves both problems, but it is not independent of the base period. It has been argued that time-neutrality of technical change is necessary and sufficient for all three properties to hold. We show that time-neutrality is sufficient, but not necessary, for all three properties. We develop a weaker version of time-neutrality that is necessary and sufficient for all three properties to hold. We thank a very perceptive referee for helpful comments, although content remains our responsibility. A longer working paper is available on request.     

A Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator: its relation to the Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index and the Luenberger productivity indicator

Summary. Introducing a new difference-based Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator, this contribution establishes theoretically its relations with some existing ratio- and difference-based productivity indexes and indicators. The first main result is an approximation proposition stating that the logarithm of the Hicks-Moorsteen productivity index is about equal to the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator. Secondly, we also establish the specific conditions under which the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen indicator equals the recently introduced Luenberger indicator and compare these to the conditions governing the relations between ratio-based Hicks-Moorsteen and Malmquist indices.Received: 2 May 2002, Revised: 19 May 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: C43, D21, D24.We are grateful for the most constructive remarks of a referee. Obviously, the authors remain solely responsible for any residual shortcomings. Correspondence to: W. Briec     

中国商业银行全要素生产率及其影响因素的实证研究——基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数法

利用2004—2009年我国15家商业银行的面板数据,运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数法,测算了商业银行的Malmquist生产率指数及其分解指数。结果显示:我国商业银行的全要素生产率整体呈下降趋势,其中,技术进步指数的下降幅度较大,纯技术效率变化指数和规模效率变化指数略有升高。在此基础上,对影响我国商业银行全要素生产率的因素进行了分析。实证结果表明:进出口总额和货币供应量增长率对我国商业银行全要素生产率的提升有正向作用,国内生产总值和全社会固定资产投资有显著的负向作用。     

Exact relations between Luenberger productivity indicators and Malmquist productivity indexes

In this note we derive an exact relation between Luenberger productivity indicators and Malmquist productivity indexes. The authors are grateful for referee comments which substantially improved the paper.     

我国建筑业内外资企业效率差异及其收敛趋势研究

本文以我国内外资建筑企业为研究对象,利用基于DEA模型的Malmquist指数方法,比较内外资建筑企业全要素生产率的变动趋势和区域差异,对内外资建筑企业全要素生产率的收敛和发散趋势进行了检验。结果证实,我国建筑业全要素生产率总体呈上升态势,无论是内资还是外资建筑企业均呈现出收敛趋势,但从东、中、西部的检验结果来看,仅西部地区建筑业全要素生产率的收敛趋势通过了验证。     

上市公司生产效率分析指标构建

立足于已有研究,通过分析上市公司财务指标和经济分析指标的含义,提出了利用上市公司的财务指标推算生产效率分析涉及的劳动、资本、投资、固定资产折旧、中间投入、收入和增加值等指标的具体方法。     

Economic reforms,growth and well-being: evidence from India

This study examined economic well-being of sub-national units in India since the economic reforms. For this purpose, the study constructed well-being index for 17 major states of India for the period 1981–2011 based on five broad dimensions. Our results showed that the economic well-being of states has declined since the reforms. The interstate disparities have increased and the states (except Punjab and West Bengal) which performed well prior to the reforms continued to perform well in the post-reform years too. In addition, our regression results for the high well-being and low well-being states revealed that the reforms have benefited more developed high well-being states, rather than low well-being states. While human capital was found significantly and positively related to per capita incomes in both groups of the states, financial development was positively related in high well-being states, but a negative association was visible in the low well-being states.