Efficiency in accounting education: evidence from Turkish Universities

It is important to see efficiency of accounting education in order to fully understand the operational environment of companies. In this study, the 45 public universities in Turkey was investigated by using Data Envelopment Analysis [DEA]. In order, some definitions for the outputs and inputs are required for the model. The criteria developed by American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) is used as definitions for inputs, is used and the result of the Selection Exam for Public Personnel [SEPP] is used to measure efficiency in accounting education. According to our results, Turkish universities are successful in producing the most appropriate output. They are usually using their input components in a favorable way. According to our model accounting education delivered in the undergraduate programs of the higher education system in Turkey is generally effective. But universities are using resources excessively to get the output. On the departmental basis, Turkish universities are technically effective to a great extent. It is determined that the departments of labor economics, industrial relations and partially public finance are more effective departments. According to resource usage, while the most effective departments are departments of public finance, departments of business administration are the most ineffective ones.     

Cost and Profit Efficiency of the Turkish Banking Industry: An Empirical Investigation

By employing a stochastic frontier approach, we examine the effect of bank size, corporate control, and governance, as well as ownership, on the cost (input) and alternative profit (input-output) efficiencies of Turkish banks. We find that the average profit efficiency is 84% for Turkish banks. The oligopolistic nature of the Turkish banking industry has contributed to less than optimal competition in the loan market and deposit markets. Our results indicate that the degree of linkage between cost and profit efficiency is significantly low. This suggests that high profit efficiency does not require greater cost efficiency in Turkey, and that cost in efficient banks can continue to survive in this imperfect market, where profit opportunities are abundant for all types and sizes of banks. Accordingly, our results indicate that the different sizes of banks have capitalized these opportunities equivalently.     

中国银行业动态效率分析

本文利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对我国银行业1999-2008年的经营效率进行总体分析与评价,并利用Malmquist生产率指数对其效率变动进行了测算,研究结果表明,我国银行业生产经营效率呈现上升趋势,但整体水平仍然相对较低,商业银行存在与自身规模不相适应的管理能力。同时,银行业结构、区域分布、规模大小以及企业类型等因素会使银行业在综合技术效率、纯技术效率与规模效率方面存在差异。     

Efficiency, Ownership and Market Structure, Corporate Control and Governance in the Turkish Banking Industry

Turkish banks are quite heterogeneous in terms of organizational form, ownership structure, size, age, portfolio concentration, growth prospects and attitude toward risk. They also exhibit strong variations in performance as measured by several efficiency indices. In the light of theoretical advances in corporate finance and financial institutions, this paper is an in-depth cross-sectional analysis of the Turkish banking sector, which explores the various bank, market and regulatory characteristics that may explain the efficiency variations across banks. Consistent with the related hypotheses investigated, the results indicate that a number of independent bank characteristics are significantly correlated with various efficiency measures.     

A Comparative Analysis of the Public Spending Efficiency of the New EU Member States: A DEA Approach

This paper provides an analysis of the performance and efficiency of the public sector in the European Union (EU). Using composite indicators and data envelopment analysis, we focus on the new EU member countries, which were involved over the past decade in the accession and integration process. Results of the analysis indicate that, unlike "old" EU members, which invested more in sectors such as education or health, countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the "new" EU member states, have directed public resources mainly toward the performance of the government sectors. However, greater efficiency has been achieved precisely in those areas where they have invested less.     

Critical thinking about creative accounting in the face of a recent scandal in the Turkish banking sector

In the last two decades, serious accounting scandals occurred in large companies (e.g. WorldCom and Enron) and in the banking sector (e.g. BCCI, Barings, Allied Irish Bank and Baninter). Then the problem of creative accounting with its legal and illegal aspects has come into agendas of business firms and governments. In this paper, a certain type of creative accounting practices (i.e. fraud) has been examined in the light of a Turkish case (i.e. the Imarbank Scandal). It has been found that deficiencies in the legal frameworks for banking and accounting, inadequacies in the autonomy of governmental regulation and supervision bodies, practical difficulties in enforcing legal and ethical rules due to the slow functioning of the judicial system are significant reasons for creative accounting practices in addition to the personal greed of both owners&top management of Imarbank and its customers. However, the intention and capability of political power in combating such kind of corruption are also crucial.     

外资进入对中国保险业效率的影响

通过将保险企业的经营活动进行分解,本文对外资进入可能引发的资本形成效应、市场竞争效应和技术外溢效应等三个假说进行了检验,首次探讨了外资进入对中国保险业效率可能产生的影响。研究发现:(1)外资进入所带来的资本形成效应是对中国保险业效率改善最为直接的经济效应,但它主要通过扩展保险业务来实现,保险资金运用的效率并没有明显提升;(2)外资进入引发的市场竞争效应确实对保险业的效率改进起到了一定的积极作用,而且外资机构数量的增加比资产和市场份额的增长对效率的影响更为明显;(3)保险机构的外资持股比例与其效率水平之间存在显著的U型关系,外资持股比例在达到一定程度后,技术外溢效应才会对中国保险业效率起到推动作用。     

Efficiency and risk in commercial banking: empirical evidence from East Asian countries

This paper analyses the effects of off-balance sheet (OBS) activities and various types of risks on the cost and profit efficiencies of banks in seven East Asian countries between 2001 and 2008. Cost and profit efficiency scores are estimated using the data envelopment analysis approach. The results of this analysis are then used to identify the impact of OBS activities and risk exposures on cost and profit efficiencies using a Tobit regression. Bank insolvency risk (as measured by z-scores) is positively related to profit efficiency, while interest sensitivity, size, equity to total assets and OBS exposures all impact on cost efficiency. The analysis of the impact of input and output slacks illustrates that in around 1 in 5 cases banks’ cost efficiency can be improved by adjusting the former variables, whereas in only around 1 in 100 cases a similar outcome is possible for profit efficiency.     

基于DEA-BCC模型的城商行技术效率实证分析（2008-2012）

运用投入导向型的DEA-BCC 模型,对东部沿海10省市36家样本城商行2008-2012年的技术效率进行实证研究。研究表明,近五年来样本城商行总体技术效率保持平稳,并呈较为平坦的“V型”变化趋势,样本城商行的技术效率并没有在规模持续扩张的背景下得到持续有效提升。进一步对技术效率的分解项目进行分析发现,纯技术效率是制约样本城商行总体技术效率提升的主导因素,表明,样本城商行的内部管理能力亟待提升。此外,无论是总技术效率、纯技术效率还是规模效率,都与样本城商行的规模具有显著的相关性,总体而言,大型城商行的技术效率及纯技术效率要优于中小型城商行,但是,中型城商行在规模效率方面略胜一筹,样本城商行存在较为明显的“倒V型”成本曲线。     

Convergence of Bank Efficiency in Emerging Markets: The Experience of Central and Eastern European Countries

In this study, we investigate the effect of the European Union integration process on banks' efficiency and the convergence of cost efficiency across banking systems from Central and Eastern European countries for the period 2004-10. We observe large differences in the levels of cost efficiency among national banking systems, and we notice an increase in banking efficiency for all banking systems until 2008. However, starting with 2009, the evolution of the average scores of cost efficiency declines. The results provide evidence of β-convergence and σ-convergence in terms of cost efficiency among the banking systems, especially during the period 2009-10.     

The Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Efficiency of the US Banking Industry: Further Evidence

Abstract:  Using the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA), this study investigates the cost and profit efficiency effects of bank mergers on the US banking industry. We also use the non-parametric technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the production structure of merged and non-merged banks. The empirical results indicate that mergers have improved the cost and profit efficiencies of banks. Further, evidence shows that merged banks have lower costs than non-merged banks because they are using the most efficient technology available (technical efficiency) as well as a cost minimizing input mix (allocative efficiency). The results suggest that there is an economic rational for future mergers in the banking industry. Finally, mergers may allow the banking industry to take advantage of the opportunities created by improved technology.     

Efficiency and Risk in Latin American Banking: Explaining Resilience

Using an unbalanced panel of 272 commercial banks, we estimate cost and revenue efficiency scores for fifteen Latin American and Caribbean countries over the period 2001-8. Using Granger causality techniques, we find evidence that in the face of increased risk and lowered capital, banks have tended to improve cost efficiency. The results also indicate that cost efficiency is negatively related with revenue efficiency, both dynamically and across countries. Market concentration is related to greater revenue efficiency. In the absence of developed capital markets, competitive forces and strengthened regulation seem to be forcing cost-efficiency improvements. Banks with market power, however, seem to be able to pass on to customers the cost of raising capital buffers and provisioning for risk.     

Institutional Reforms,EU Accession,and Bank Efficiency in Transition Economies: Evidence from Bulgaria

This paper examines the efficiency of Bulgarian banks and its determinants over the period 1999-2007. The levels of technical, allocative, and cost efficiency are estimated using a nonparametric methodology and then regressed on a number of bankspecific, institutional, and EU-related factors. The findings indicate that foreign banks were more efficient than domestic private banks, although the gap between them narrowed over time. State-owned banks ranked last, but their privatization resulted in efficiency gains. Capitalization, liquidity, and enterprise restructuring enhanced bank efficiency, whereas banking reforms had an adverse effect. The Treaty of Accession and EU membership were associated with significant efficiency improvements.     

An Application of the Dynamic Network DEA Model: The Case of Banks in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

In this study, we apply the dynamic network slack-based measure data envelopment analysis model (DNSBM) to measure the efficiency of Taiwanese banks during the period 2005–11. Using the network structure, we define intellectual capital creation capability as one of the production stages. In order to capture the dynamics of the transformation process, the nonperforming loans and loan loss reserves are defined as carryover items. This study offers sufficient information for managers to understand not only the overall performance of their banks but also the efficiency of each production stage and the dynamic changes of the overall and divisional efficiencies.     

Technical, Allocative and Scale Efficiencies of REITs: An Empirical Inquiry

Abstract:   This paper empirically explores various efficiency aspects of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in light of their remarkable growth in the 1990s. We find clear evidence of considerable technical inefficiency in REITs, though not much indication for allocative or scale inefficiency. The results also suggest that an increasing number of REITs has been operating under diseconomies of scale since the late 1990s primarily due to the recent wave of consolidation and merger activities. As creatures of the US tax code, REIT's have undergone several changes to their operating status, and our results suggest that the prevalent regulatory environment appears too onerous for the industry and may have contributed to the REITs' poor efficiency performance. In particular, further cuts or total elimination of the dividend restriction on REITs could provide much needed relief and stability in the US real estate market.     

Cost efficiency in Australian non-bank financial institutions: A non-parametric approach

A two-stage procedure is employed to evaluate non-bank financial institution cost efficiency. In the first stage, data envelopment analysis is used to calculate technical, allocative and cost efficiency indices using a sample of 200 Australian credit unions. The results indicate that a typical credit union's costs in 1997 were 30 per cent above what could be considered efficient on the basis of observed best practice. The major source of overall cost inefficiency would appear to be allocative inefficiency, rather than technical inefficiency. The second stage uses limited dependent variable regression techniques to relate credit union efficiency scores to financial statement information. The results indicate that commercial lending activities, expenditures on information technology and marketing and promotion, the proportion of non-interest income, and association membership are a significant influence on the level of cost efficiency. The results are found to be invariant to alternative model specifications where input prices are first assumed to be different for each credit union and then assumed to be identical across the sample.     

外资银行进入对我国银行业市场竞争度的影响：基于Panzar-Rosse模型的实证研究

本文采用Panzar-Rosse模型度量了1996年至2006年间我国银行业的市场竞争度,并对外资银行进入程度与市场竞争度的关系进行了经验分析,结果表明,近十年间我国银行业呈现垄断竞争格局,且竞争压力呈上升趋势,这主要归因于银行业市场集中度的下降。外资银行进入程度与银行业市场竞争度呈现U型关系,当前外资银行带来的实际竞争压力还很有限,只有当外资银行进入程度达到并超过一定水平时,才会对我国银行业的市场竞争发挥促进作用。     

科技型中小企业新三板市场融资效率分析——基于湖北省企业面板数据的实证研究

随着新三板市场的不断发展,其已成为科技型中小企业重要的融资渠道。本文以在新三板挂牌的湖北省科技型中小企业为研究对象,运用DEA方法测算他们的融资效率并进行比较分析,纵向对比与横向对比的结果均表明借助新三板进行融资并未带来企业融资效率的提升。进一步,构建动态面板数据模型来分析影响融资效率的主要因素,实证结果表明:由于融入资金未得到充分利用和合理配置,抑制了企业盈利能力、成长能力、偿债能力、营运能力、研发与创新能力的提升,继而导致了新三板科技型中小企业融资效率下降。     

新三板市场中做市商制度评析--以效率和公平价值选择为思考维度

2013年以来，国务院、中国证券监督管理委员会、全国中小企业股份转让系统先后修订、制定发布了20余项业务制度，全面构建起新三板的制度框架。本文在阐述做市商制度现行状况的基础上，从效率与公平的视角评价各国的做市商制度，评述当前做市商制度在新三板市场下的价值体现，并以“效率优先、兼顾公平”为价值选择维度评价，进而为完善我国做市商制度提出建议。     

Ritual legitimation, de-coupling and the budgetary process: managing organizational hypocrisies in a multinational company

The study of participation in the budgetary cycle has formed a prominent part of the research literature concerned with the budgetary process. More recently there has emerged a body of literature concerned with exploring the political and symbolic nature of the budgetary process. The paper reports upon the outcomes of an empirical study of the introduction of `budgetary participation' in a division of a European subsidiary of a large North American car manufacturer. We detail the long process of consultation and negotiation within the subsidiary, and between it and the European Headquarters. The study provides a revealing instance of the roles of formal budget participation as a ritual of control and legitimation without the substantive involvement of middle managers and suggested to us the introduction of de-coupling and organizational hypocrisy alongside the introduction of budget participation. The study pays close attention to the contingent effects of the wider political context of the division and the relationships between the division, its organizational context and organizational environment, and how this context played upon the budgetary process in the division. The outcomes that we analyse at `Delta' reflect the de-coupling strategies and organizational hypocrisies commonly found in public sector organizations. In this wider setting the corporation persists with the ritual of `tight' budget negotiation and target setting and apparent underachievement in performance. Yet we conclude that the complex technological and political context to the formation and siting of Delta continued and may continue to support its existence.$g0