关于运输业基本属性及其现实意义的思考

运输业是社会经济发展的基础,运输业基本属性这一运输经济学最基本的问题,若干年来一直倍受关注,但是由于运输业的特殊性和复杂性,仍然存在很多争议。本文再次对运输业的经济、社会属性进行探讨,并在此基础上,对交通发展中的几个热点问题进行思考。     

The elasticity of substitution between imported and domestically produced goods in Germany

Zusammenfassung Die Substitutionselastizit?t zwischen importierten und heimischen Gütern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. - Der Aufsatz untersucht die Substitutionselastizit?t der Nachfrage nach importierten und in der Bundesrepublik hergestellten Gütern. Unter Verwendung der auf Industrieebene disaggregierten Daten konzentriert sich die Studie auf die sektorale Verteilung der Wirkungen von handelspolitischen MaΒnahmen und Wechselkurs?nderungen. Die Analyse zeigt, daΒ es besser w?re, die im Inland erzeugten Warenbündel und die entsprechenden Importe in der hier gew?hlten Aggregation als unvollkommene Substitute zu betrachten, selbst wenn sie in dieselbe Warengruppe eingruppiert worden sind. Es wird ebenfalls gezeigt, daΒ die H?he der Substitutionselastizit?t mit dem Grad an Güterarbitrage der jeweiligen Industrie positiv korreliert ist. Dieses Ergebnis best?tigt, daΒ es richtig ist, die gesch?tzten Elastizit?ten im Sinne relativer Angaben zu verwenden, wenn es gilt, die von Industrie zu Industrie unterschiedliche Reaktion der Nachfrage auf den Preis anzugeben.

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Résumé L’élasticité de substitution entre des biens importés et localement produits en Allemagne Fédérale. - L’article examine l’élasticité de substitution entre la demande d’importations de bien et celle des substituts locaux dans la République Fédérale d’Allemagne. En utilisant des données désagrégées sur l’échelon de l’industrie l’étude se concentre sur la distribution sectorielle de l’effet des mesures de la politique commerciale ou des changements du taux de change. L’analyse démontre que les importations correspondantes comme agrégées ici sont mieux regardées comme substituts imparfaits même si l’on les classifie sous la même catégorie. L’auteur démontre aussi que la grandeur de l’élasticité de substitution qui caractérise la demande de produit dans les industries particuliéres est positivement corrélée avec le degré d’arbitrage de bien qui se passe dans l’industrie correspondante. Ce résultat montre qu’il vaut mieux utiliser les élasticités estimées de maniére comparative si l’on veut mesurer le degré relatif de la réaction de la demande aux prix dans les industries différentes.

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Resumen La elasticidad de sustitución entrebienes importadosy nacionales en Alemania.- El présente trabajo examina la elasticidad de sustitución entre la demanda de importaciones y la demanda de sustitutos nacionales en la Repüblica Federal de Alemania. Utilizando datos sectoriales el estudio se concentra en la distribution sectorial del impacto de medidas de politica comercial o cambiaria. El análisis demuestra que los sustitutos nacionales y los bienes importados debrian ser considerados sustitutos imperfectos, a pesar de estar clasificados bajo el mismo rótulo. También se demuestra que la magnitud de la elasticidad de sustitución que caracteriza la demanda en ciertas industrias esta positivamente correlada con el grado de arbitraje de bienes en cada industria. Este resultado verifica la validez de usar las elasticidades estimadas de manera comparativa para determinar el grado relativo de respuesta de la demanda a los precios de diferentes industrias.

     

Forecasting the cost benefit of developing new modes of rapid passenger transport

The authors suggest a methodological approach for forecasting the capacity of new market niches for long-distance passenger traffic and for rapid transport vehicles. The complex analysis of the prerequisites for the development and the effect of the enhanced availability of long-distance transportation and the associated problems are discussed.     

Network neutrality and the nature of competition between network operators

The neutral architecture of the Internet is being challenged by various parties, such as network operators providing the connections to end-users, who are interested in gaining control of the information exchanged over the Internet. What are the effects on competition and welfare of such practices? Currently, there exists very little economic theory on network neutrality. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of the type of economic modeling that can address network neutrality, as well as of the type of results that can be expected.     

Analysis of the nature of cause-and-effect relationship between inflation and wage in Russia

The nature of the cause-and-effect relationship between inflation and wages in Russia in 2003–2014 has been analyzed. The author has focused on defining the reliability of cost-push inflation theory and demand inflation theory based on Russian data using econometric methods (the Granger causality test and vector error-correction model). The stabilit y of the modeling results (for the purpose of excluding structural changes under the conditions of varying of the principles of Bank of Russia’s monetary policy during the transition to inflation targeting) is checked using the Gregory–Hansen method. In the article, the results are compared to the similar studies carried out for developed countries and countries with developing markets.     

Estimates of the elasticities of substitution between imports and home goods for the United States

Zusammenfassung Sch?tzungen der Substitutionselastizit?t zwischen Importen und heimischen Gütern für die Vereinigten Staaten. - Dieser Aufsatz enth?lt Sch?tzungen der Importnachfrage- und Substitutionselastizit?ten für 122 dreistellige SIC-Industrien der USA, wobei j?hrliche Daten der Periode 1962–1978 und eine Variante der zweistufigen Methode der kleinsten Quadrate benutzt werden. Sch?tzungen aufgrund einer Variante der dreistufigen Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, die simultan für eine Untergruppe dieser Industrien vorgenommen werden, liefern einige Hinweise auf eine Korrelation der Residuen aus den Importfunktionen für die verschiedenen Industriezweige. Obwohl auch sie mit Ungenauigkeiten behaftet sind, bieten die gesch?tzten Elastizit?ten doch einen wertvollen Anhaltspunkt für einzelne Industrien und für die Wahl von Parametern in Computermodellen und anderen Analysen des Au\enhandels mit hoher Disaggregation.

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Résumé Estimations des élasticités de substitution entre des importations et des produits locaux pour les Etats Unis. - Dans cet article les auteurs présentent des estimations des élasticités de demande importatrice et de substitution pour 122 3-digit SIC industries dans les Etats Unis en utilisant des données annuelles pour 1962–1978 et une variante des moindres carrés à deux degrés. Des estimations basées sur une variante des moindres carrés à trois degrés et obtenues simultanément pour un sous-groupe de ces industries révèlent quelque évidence de corrélation entre les perturbances des différentes équations. Bienque soumises à l’imprécision les élasticités estimées donnent un point de repère pour des industries individuelles et pour le choix des paramètres à l’usage en modèles de commerce computables et en autres analyses de commerce extérieur au niveau désagrégé.

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Resumen Estimaciones de las elasticidades de sustitución entre importaciones y bienes nacionales no comerciados para los Estados Unidos. - Este trabajo présenta estimaciones de elasticidades de demanda de importaciones y de sustitución para 122 ramas industriales al nivel de très dígitos de la CIUU para los EEUU, utilizando datos anuales para 1962–1978 y una variante del método de cuadrados mínimos de dos etapas. Estimaciones basades en una variante del método de très etapas, obtenidas para un subgrupo de estas ramas, dieron evidencia de correlacion entre los residuos de las ecuaciones del modelo. A pesar de estar sujetas a imprecisiones, las elasticidades estimadas constituyen un dato útil para las ramas industriales y para la electión de parámètres para modelos computacionales de comercio internacional y otros análisis del comercio a nivel desagregado.

     

The effects of globalization and technology on the elasticity of substitution

The elasticity of substitution between capital and labor (\(\sigma\)) is usually considered a “deep parameter”. This paper shows, in contrast, that \(\sigma\) is affected by both globalization and technology, and that different intensities in these drivers have different consequences for the OECD and the non-OECD economies. In the OECD, we find that the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is below unity; that it increases along with the degree of globalization; but it decreases with the level of technology. Although results for the non-OECD area are more heterogeneous, we find that technology enhances the substitutability between capital and labor. We also find evidence of a non-significant impact of the capital-output ratio on the labor share irrespective of the degree of globalization (which would be consistent with an average aggregate Cobb–Douglas technology). Given the relevance of \(\sigma\) for economic growth and the functional distribution of income, the intertwined linkage among globalization, technology and the elasticity of substitution should be taken into account in any policy makers’ objective function.     

The elasticity of substitution as a proxy measure of economic integration

This study examines how the accession of Greece to the European Union affected the Greek economy. Transcendental production functions of agriculture, industry, and service sectors of Greece, Germany, and France were estimated and tested for structural stability. Based on two estimated parameters of sectoral production functions and the corresponding data on capital-to-labor ratios, sectoral elasticities of substitution were constructed as vectors of values, varying with time. It was found that the elasticities of the traded sectors, industry, and manufacturing converged. The elasticities of substitution of the nontraded sector service and the traded, but protected, sector of agriculture diverged.     

知情权的权利属性及其宪法保护

知情权是一项人权、一项宪法性基本权利、一种复合性权利,对知情权进行宪法保护的主要途径是应确立知情权的宪法地位并在宪法中进行构建、完善宪法中知情权的部门立法以及建立知情权的法律救济途径。     

The ladder of internationalization modes: evidence from European firms

How do firms enter international markets? To answer this question, this paper uses a unique multi-country firm-level dataset which, besides direct exporting and FDI, provides explicit information on a number of internationalization modes: indirect exporting, outsourced manufacturing and service FDI. We present a theoretical framework in which modes requiring higher and higher commitment have progressively higher fixed and lower marginal costs. By estimating multinomial and ordered logit models, we present evidence in line with such a sorting framework with respect to TFP and innovativeness. We identify three ’clusters’ of modes: indirect exporters are similar to non-exporters, direct exporters and outsourced manufacturers constitute a second cluster while service and manufacturing FDI are the most demanding internationalization modes.     

The growth and decline of import substitution in Brazil — revisited

Of all developing economies, Brazil in the early 1960s represented the most spectacular case of import substitution (IS) which, it was thought, had reached its final or ‘declining’ phases. This paper re-examines the theories of that period by applying econometric techniques to input-output and extended time series data.We trace the progress and regression of IS through different circuits and find the process to be reversible. Second, we find a dialectical relationship between the creation of inter-industry linkages and their destruction through leakages which undermine IS. Third, we identify a dialectical relationship between the ‘substitution of imports’ and the ‘importation of substitutes’, that is, the continual invasion of new imports which displace local products and create the need for IS, such as wheat substituting for tropical foods, plastics for woods and synthetic fibres for cotton.     

Firm and industry elasticities of substitution: The two factor case

Summary For the industry composed of single output, two factor firms, industry elasticity of demand for one of the factors with respect to the price of the other is negative or positive as the elasticity of demand for industry output is greater or less thanindustry elasticity of substitution between the factors. Using isoclines, vectors, isoquants, and isoscales, it is shown that, where firm isoquants are non-homothetic, industry elasticity of substitution for constantindustry output allows for adjustment of the level of firm output, and thus exceeds firm elasticity of substitution for constantfirm output.He wishes to thank two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions.