间接税亲贫性与代内归宿——穷人从减税中获益了吗?

税收工具作为财政扶贫机制中的重要一环,在推进精准扶贫、精准脱贫上发挥着重要作用。本文基于CFPS2012入户调查数据和中国2012年投入产出表,运用微观模拟方法测算出家庭的间接税负,在此基础上,借鉴衡量经济“涓滴效应”的亲贫增长指数,构建了识别和测度税制“亲贫性”的数量方法,评估间接税的减税政策能否自发惠及穷人,进一步测算家庭不同年龄层的间接税负代内归宿。结果显示:间接税整体上不具有“亲贫性”,其中增值税的“亲富性”最强,减税能让穷人比富人获益更多;儿童、成人以及老人均是间接税的负税人,贫困家庭抚养小孩而承担的间接税负比重高于非贫困家庭,赡养老人而负担的间接税负比重低于非贫困家庭。据此本文认为,继续推动大规模的间接税减税政策、采取差别化的增值税和消费税减免策略、逐步形成以直接税为主的税制结构,是改变间接税"亲富性"和强化税收扶贫职能的有效措施。     

我国再分配逆向调节的成因及对策探析

再分配逆向调节是再分配调节国民收入差距的异化现象。当前,我国再分配无论是财富的归集还是财富的支出都出现了逆向调节,加剧了初次分配所形成的收入差距。以税收、社会保障、转移支付为主的我国再分配调节机制没有正常发挥缩小收入分配差距的作用的原因,既包括再分配调节机制本身的缺陷,也包括作为再分配调节机制运行基础的体制性因素。因此,在完善我国再分配机制的过程中既要考虑健全调节机制本身,同时要改革作为再分配调节机制运行基础的体制性因素。     

Rückversicherung und Risikostrukturausgleich als Instrumente der Risikoallokation in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung

Within the context of the Health Care Reform Act from 1992 a risk adjustment mechanism was introduced. The risk adjustment mechanism should reduce risk selecting that has increased with the introduction of greater choice for insured persons. With the redistribution of income for the risk factors age, gender, numbers of disabled people and the way to get sick-pay, competition should be developed with the aim of reduced competitive distortion and a fairer distribution of income. However, the risk adjustment mechanism has missed it aims partially, and it also has not increased the efficiency of the health care system. It is therefore necessary to ask for alternative solutions. The authors see an alternative in private reinsurance as an additional and substitute instrument to the risk adjustment mechanism.     

空间视角下的普惠金融与农村减贫增收——机制探讨与实证检验

“脱贫攻坚”成为经济新常态下的重要任务,金融减贫在其中扮演了不可忽视的作用。在空间视角下分析了普惠金融对农村地区减贫增收的直接影响与空间效应,并基于2005—2017年中国省级数据,运用空间杜宾模型实证检验普惠金融的扶贫增收效果。结果发现:我国各地区间的农村扶贫增收绩效具有明显的空间联动与依赖性;普惠金融发展对本地区农村减贫具有显著的正向作用,同时存在明显的空间溢出效应。各地区应该继续加强普惠金融发展,并重视地区间普惠金融减贫合作与政策互通的深化。     

Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh

Microfinance supports mainly informal activities that oftenhave a low return and low market demand. It may therefore behypothesized that the aggregate poverty impact of microfinanceis modest or even nonexistent. If true, the poverty impact ofmicrofinance observed at the participant level represents eitherincome redistribution or short-run income generation from themicrofinance intervention. This article examines the effectsof microfinance on poverty reduction at both the participantand the aggregate levels using panel data from Bangladesh. Theresults suggest that access to microfinance contributes to povertyreduction, especially for female participants, and to overallpoverty reduction at the village level. Microfinance thus helpsnot only poor participants but also the local economy.     

Rethinking the causes of deforestation: lessons from economic models.

Concern is rising over the deleterious effects of tropical deforestation. For example, the loss of forest cover influences the climate and reduces biodiversity, while reduced timber supplies, siltation, flooding, and soil degradation affect economic activity and threaten the livelihoods and cultural integrity of forest-dependent people. Such concerns have led economists to expand their efforts to model why, where, and to what extent forests are being converted to other land uses. This synthesis of the results of more than 140 economic models analyzing the causes of tropical deforestation brings into question many conventional hypotheses upon deforestation. More roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment generally lead to more deforestation. However, it is not known how technical change, agricultural input prices, household income levels, and tenure security affect deforestation. The role of macroeconomic factors such as population growth, poverty reduction, national income, economic growth, and foreign debt is also unclear. The authors nonetheless determine through their review that policy reforms included in current economic liberalization and adjustment efforts may increase pressure upon forests.     

环境税率、双重红利与经济增长

本文构建了一个包含环境税、污染存量和预期寿命的世代交替模型,研究环境税对环境红利和经济发展红利的影响。基于新古典增长模型的研究表明,环境税能够实现双重红利(环境红利和经济发展红利),这契合“绿水青山就是金山银山”的绿色发展理念。从传导机制看,环境税通过负收入效应使得资本积累下降,同时,环境税通过健康效应使得预期寿命延长,这又使得资本积累增加。环境税通过影响资本积累,进而影响环境质量和经济发展。此外,环境税率上升使得用于环境治理的政府支出增加,这使得经济更容易产生环境红利。基于内生增长框架的分析表明,环境税有助于摆脱“环境贫困陷阱”,这为解释国家之间的收入差距提供了一个参考机制。数值模拟结果显示,在新古典增长框架和内生增长框架下,均存在最优的环境税率可以极大化人均产出和经济增长率。本文认为,合理的环境税率有助于推进减污降碳协同治理。     

普惠金融、收入分配和贫困减缓——推进效率和公平的政策框架选择

本文从县域和省际两个层面,采用OLS最小二乘法和DID双重差分法检验了普惠金融的政策效应。研究发现,普惠金融发展初期,能够缩小城乡收入差距,但是这种效应仅在集中连片特困区显著,受资源倾向性配置的效率损失、农贷的“精英俘获”以及金融知识匮乏的影响,银行服务包容性的提高没有反映出明显的益贫性;在产品市场、要素市场和中介市场发育程度较高、对生产者和消费者合法权益保护程度较强的地区,良好的制度环境可以对金融资本扭曲配置行为加以约束,纠正普惠金融对贫困减缓的负面效应;银行、保险等正规金融机构忽视弱势群体的资源配置结构是导致包容性金融体系无法实现减贫的根源。因此,兼顾广泛包容、特定配比和商业可持续的制度框架才能扭转正规金融机构现有效率和公平皆损的局面;构建信息化普惠金融体系,能够克服正规金融机构高门槛、服务成本高以及逆向选择等问题,成为对社会帕累托最优的政策框架选择,促进收入分配公平和减缓贫困。     

小额信贷缓减农村贫困的效用研究——基于面板模型的分析

缓减贫困一直是政府面临的重要问题,也是政府经济发展的重要目标。基于2003~2011年中国26个省市的统计数据,运用面板模型定量研究农村小额信贷缓解农村贫困的效应。结果表明：小额信贷具有显著的减贫效应,其降低农村绝对贫困的程度效应要大于降低农村贫困人口相对收入短缺和收入不平等程度的效应。为了更好地发挥小额信贷缓减贫困的效应,应进一步放开小额信贷发展的约束成分,改进贫困农户贷款评级授信的方式,提高小额信贷缓减贫困的精确度。     

超越再分配调节:对税收促进共同富裕作用的全景认识及政策建议

税收是影响共同富裕的重要因素,但目前社会各界对税收与共同富裕之间的关系的认识,更多局限于通过收入转移实现再分配进而缩小贫富差距方面。基于理论逻辑与政策实践相映照、历史经验与发展进路相结合的分析表明,税收对共同富裕的影响是超越再分配调节的,理应在广阔的时代视阈下形成对税收促进共同富裕作用的全景认识。进入后小康时代,税收促进共同富裕的作用定位是推动经济高质量发展、优化社会分配结构、保障公共服务供给、促进绿色转型发展、缓解空间发展不平衡、助推民主法治建设。对照这六大作用定位的基本要求,目前税收在促进共同富裕方面还存在一些薄弱环节与不完善之处。因此,今后要以实现共同富裕为目标导向,找准公平与效率的结合点,进一步深化税制改革、完善现代税制,使税收在扎实推动共同富裕进程中更好地发挥作用。     

与香港个人所得税的比较及启示

香港的“入息税”采用分类税制 ,与大陆的个人所得税相类似。若我们能结合国情 ,研究和借鉴发达国家或地区个人所得税制度的有益经验 ,相信对改革现行的个人所得税制、充分发挥其在收入再分配方面的作用定会有所裨益     

论社会保障

在对美国社会保障制度改革的政策建议中,彼得·戴蒙德教授主张通过养老金相关参数的调整来适应未来养老基金支出增长的压力,方式是改善养老金待遇标准和税收规则以确保养老基金的精算平衡。其基本观点是:第一,社会保障是退休后收入的基础,是防止贫困和失去保险机会的保障,所以社会保障制度应该建立;第二,因为人们很少自愿进行养老金积累,年金化的强制性公共养老金就非常重要,一是能平衡终生收入,二是能够提供就业激励;第三,公共养老金计划对工人及其家庭,特别是儿童、配偶和遗属有重要保障作用;第四,延迟退休能提高未来的消费,设计合理的待遇累进原则和退休审查制度会有助于增加劳动激励;第五,养老金的代际转移是一种再分配,较多的再分配会对工作生涯形成激励;第六,为实现精算平衡,应引入自动平衡机制来自动调整税率和待遇水平,以减少立法的压力。     

Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980

One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effectof global economic integration on inequality and poverty. Thisarticle documents five trends in the modern era of globalization,starting around 1980. The first trend is that growth rates inpoor economies have accelerated and are higher than growth ratesin rich countries for the first time in modern history. Developingcountries’ per capita incomes grew more than 3.5 percenta year in the 1990s. Second, the number of extremely poor peoplein the world has declined significantly—by 375 millionpeople since 1981—for the time in history. The share ofpeople in developing economies living on less than $1 a dayhas been cut in half since 1981, though the decline in the shareliving on less than $2 per day was much less dramatic. Third,global inequality has declined modestly, reversing a 200-yeartrend toward higher inequality. Fourth, within-country inequalityin general is not growing, though it has risen in several populouscountries (China, India, the United States). Fifth, wage inequalityis rising worldwide. This may seem to contradict the fourthtrend, but it does not because there is no simple link betweenwage inequality and household income inequality. Furthermore,the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongestin developing economies that have integrated with the globaleconomy most rapidly, which supports the view that integrationhas been a positive force for improving the lives of peoplein developing areas.      

地区公共服务供给与转移支付减贫效应研究-基于多维贫困分析框架

从宏观与微观相结合的角度,考察宏观上一个地区的公共服务供给能力是否会影响到转移支付的减贫效果.从多维贫困的研究视角出发,利用CHNS数据库考察了个人特征和家庭特征对贫困的影响;在此基础上利用分层模型将地区公共服务供给能力这种宏观因素和微观因素相结合,探究了不同公共服务供给能力对转移支付减贫效应的影响,同时也与收入贫困框架下的结果进行对比分析.结果显示:就多维贫困来讲,地区公共服务供给能力高的地区转移支付减贫效应有加强效果;转移支付对收入贫困的改善则不受地区公共服务水平的制约.     

Current account adjustment in industrial countries

This paper examines the dynamics of current account adjustment among industrial countries. The purpose is to evaluate whether there is a threshold level of a current account deficit at which it becomes unsustainable and whether it is possible to characterize episodes of adjustment. We identify 25 episodes in which there was a sustained improvement in the current account following a large deficit between 1980 and 1997. We find that a typical current account reversal begins when the current account deficit is about 5% of GDP. However, we also find considerable cross-country variation in the reversal threshold, consistent with a stock-adjustment model of current account sustainability. Reversals are associated with slowing income growth and a 10–20% real exchange rate depreciation. Real export growth, declining investment, and an eventual leveling off in the budget deficit–GDP ratio are also likely to be part of the adjustment. These results imply that current account reversals in industrialized countries are related to the business cycle.     

Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia

East Asian economies have experienced rapid growth over threedecades, with relatively low levels of income inequality, andappear to have also achieved reductions in income inequality.We argue that policies that reduced poverty and income inequality,such as emphasizing high-quality basic education and augmentinglabor demand, also stimulated growth. Closing two virtuous circles,rapid growth and reduced inequality led to higher demand for,and supply of, education, Moreover, low levels of income inequalitymay have directly stimulated growth. We present cross-economyregression results that are consistent with a positive causaleffect of low inequality on economic growth and with low inequalityof income as an independent contributing factor to Fast Asia'srapid growth. We conclude that policies for sharing growth canalso stimulate growth. In particular, investment in educationis a key to sustained growth, both because it contributes directlythrough productivity effects and because it reduces income inequality.     

Decomposition analysis of distributive policies using behavioural simulations

For policy makers and analysts, it is important to isolate the redistributive impact of tax-benefit reforms from changes in the environment in which policies operate. When actual reforms are motivated by work incentives, it is also crucial to evaluate behavioural responses and the distributional consequences thereof. For that purpose, I embed counterfactual simulations in a formal decomposition framework to quantify the relative roles of (i)?direct tax-benefit policy changes, (ii)?indirect policy effects due to labour supply responses to the reforms and (iii)?all other factors affecting income distribution over time. An application to the UK shows that the redistributive reforms of the 1998–2001 period have offset much of the rise in market income inequality and contributed to a strong decline in child poverty and poverty amongst single parent households. In the latter group, a third of the headcount poverty reduction (and half of the reduction in the depth of poverty) is on account of the very large incentive effect of the policy changes.     

数字金融、家庭相对收入及脆弱性——兼论多维“鸿沟”的影响

数字金融发展是否有利于提升家庭相对收入并降低家庭脆弱性值得深入研究。基于宏微观匹配数据,本文从相对收入及脆弱性视角考察了数字金融的增收效应及其微观作用机理,并分析了多维“鸿沟”的影响。研究表明,数字金融发展,尤其是使用深度的提升,有利于提升家庭相对收入水平、降低脆弱性。微观作用机制在于,数字金融发展能够有效提升家庭金融可得性和使用性,并促进潜在投资行为和就业创业活动。进一步分析发现,数字金融发展虽然体现了普惠特征,但并未明显打破空间限制,对城镇等发达地区及具有数字设备、受过金融教育等家庭的相对收入及脆弱性展现出更强的作用;对贫困户、无数字设备等家庭的相对收入作用不显著,充分体现了破除多维“鸿沟”的紧迫性。本文为进一步优化数字金融缩小收入差距、降低家庭脆弱性的政策提供了参考。     

数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困的效率研究

数字普惠金融是传统普惠金融的持续深化,是减缓相对贫困的重要支撑力量。本文采用DEA-Tobit模型,利用2011—2018年我国31个省市数字普惠金融和相对贫困等数据,测算了数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困的效率与影响因素。研究结果表明:我国数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困的效率偏低且区域差异大,其中规模效率是西部地区综合效率较低的最主要原因,数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困存在较大的发展潜力;数字普惠金融减贫生产率指数变动主要受技术进步变动影响。在影响因素方面,金融中介效率、产业结构与财政自给率的提高与优化有利于提高数字普惠金融减贫效率;而金融发展规模的扩大会阻碍数字普惠金融减贫效率的提高。     

Would less regional income distribution justify the present call for devolution?

We model a local public good with spillovers, in a framework where devolution is socially inefficient. Nevertheless, we show that decentralisation may be preferred by one region if it implies a reduction in regional income redistribution. This result is due to the inter-regional mechanism of the equalisation grant. For an expenditure-based grant, we define a threshold for regional income disparity above which decentralisation is preferred, while for a resource-based grant the threshold depends on the spillover and the difference in preferences for the local public good. Finally, for given levels of regional income disparity we show which grant form may minimise the claims for decentralisation.