Subsidiary Strategy: The Embeddedness Component

This article develops the concept of internal subsidiary embeddedness as the canvas within which subsidiary strategy takes place. Developing an inductive model, we identify three hierarchical levels of embeddedness. The first level is operational embeddedness, which relates to interlocking day-to-day relations. The second level is capability embeddedness, which concerns the development of competitive capabilities for the multinational as a whole. The third level is strategic embeddedness, which concerns a subsidiary's participation in a multinational corporation's strategy setting. We derived our concept of embeddedness from an in-depth case study. Embeddedness is not merely an outcome of the institutional setting in which a subsidiary is situated, but is a resource a subsidiary can manage by means of manipulating dependencies or exerting influence over the allocation of critical resources. A subsidiary can modify its embeddedness to change its strategic restraints. Therefore, the development of subsidiary embeddedness becomes an integral part of subsidiary strategy.     

企业创新中的网络嵌入性悖论解析

本文通过文献研究,总结了企业创新中的网络嵌入性悖论的表现,分析了网络嵌入性悖论产生的原因及导致的后果,在此基础上,对网络嵌入性悖论的破解进行了探索性研究,提出破解悖论的思路并提出相关假设。     

工作嵌入在中国情境下的适用性探讨

工作嵌入理论引入了非工作影响因素,从留职的视角预测员工的离职意愿,为离职管理研究提供了一个全新的视角。在中国的情境下,结合我国国情、社会特征和文化特点,研究工作嵌入的联系、牺牲和匹配维度,就工作嵌入理论的适用性进行探讨,对于揭示员工离职的真正原因,提高员工对组织的依附性,改善组织的职业生涯管理都具有积极的借鉴意义。     

主导产业根植性的理论渊源与启示

主导产业的根植性应基于其自然禀赋基因、社会资本基础和市场需求偏好三个方面。根植性的理论渊源可以追溯到古典经济理论、新古典经济理论、区位理论、新制度经济学、演化经济学、新经济地理学、经济社会学等不同学派,根植性缺乏常常带来各地主导产业选择易于趋同,新兴(高新技术)产业难以扎根,产业发展脉络与体系难以理清,产业政策效力大打折扣等主导产业选择与发展问题,要提高主导产业的根植性,需要提高对产业根植性的认识,明确根植性的抓手,注重根植性的积累,重视根植性的拓展、延伸。     

供应链合作伙伴选择评价体系：嵌入的视角

首先对已有的供应链合作伙伴评价体系进行了总结和评价.在此基础上,从嵌入的视角出发,突出了合作能力、信任等因素,尝试着构建新的供应链合作伙伴评价体系.     

Doctors Versus Workers

The National Health Service is claimed to be a unique and effective instrument for maintaining the health of the mass of the people. Dr David Green claims that the evidence from research into the 19th century development of health services indicates almost the contrary: that the medical profession, faced by the resolute and often superior bargaining power of the working people organised through friendly societies and other voluntary organisations, gradually moved to replace them by the state as a source of finance (1911) and ultimately the organiser of the medical services (1948). In the event, they have undermined the bargaining power of the ordinary consumer, especially the poor, and subjected him to the control of politicians and bureaucrats. The people are not sovereign in medical care, but subject.     

Mill Versus Liberty

A bstract .   Professor Waterman now reviews Linda C. Raeder's John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity (2002 ).     

Process- Versus Function-Based Hierarchies

I consider a firm's choice between having people who carry out complementary tasks report to the same manager and having them report to separate, function-based managers. Even supposing that the former enhances coordination, the latter may be preferred because it improves the firm's control over employees. I show that, because switching from a function-based hierarchy to a process-based hierarchy reduces the firm's direct control, it raises the attractiveness of making the employee pay more sensitive to performance. Also, this switch tends to raise the profitability of fostering altruism between employees. I extend the analysis so that it deals with the relative benefits of IT- and M-form organizations. I show that the M form becomes more profitable as the firm gets large.     

Privatization Versus Groundwater Central Management

A group of free market natural resource economists argue that the current system of limited property rights for groundwater users should be replaced by a new system of freely transferable property rights This, they contend, would provide the more efficient allocation of groundwater resources and help alleviate the water scarcity problem in the United States Their case for privatization is critically appraised Groundwater hydrology , common property, contamination , and other third party effects are examined to determine the set of circumstances under which privatization would work best The following alternatives to the full privatization plan are also examined central management, legal reform , and "French style" privatized management of water systems     

Rethinking Common Versus Private Property

The Commons/Green Movement seems to have accepted that the current system is based on the principles of private property, and then has juxtaposed the notion of common property to private property. In fact, the current system is based on violations of the principle on which private ownership is supposed to rest, namely, the principle of people getting the fruits of their labor. The Commons Movement should critique the current system as an abuse of private property both in how it treats the products of labor as well as how it treats that which is not the fruits of anyone's labor (natural resources). When private property is refounded on its just foundation, then economic enterprises would be democratic firms such as worker cooperatives, and the ground would be cleared to apply special arrangements to natural resources, which are not the products of labor.     

关系嵌入对服务创新绩效的作用机理研究：学习能力的中介作用

随着全球化的深入,企业间竞争不断升级,企业间关系也呈现出鲜明的时代特征。一是通过服务创新实现差异化成为企业建立与维持竞争优势的重要途径。二是通过产业内与产业间的合作进行网络化创新则是企业创新的重要实现方式。本文旨在研究企业与合作伙伴的关系嵌入对服务创新绩效的作用机理以及学习能力在其中的作用。通过对相关理论的回顾与梳理,本文提出了关系嵌入与学习能力关系以及学习能力的中介作用的概念模型,并对我国企业的服务创新提出了建议。     

Measuring Employer-Based Discrimination Versus Customer-Based Discrimination

A BSTRACT . This paper examines alternative hypotheses as to why French Canadians are underrepresented on National Hockey League teams based in English Canada relative to their representation on teams based in the United States.
Using panel data, the paper accounts for the idiosyncratic behavior of specific teams by using a fixed-effects model. With these fixed-effects accounted for, the paper tests the degree to which the representation of French Canadians on a team is related to that team's location—either in English Canada or the United States—versus the degree to which the representation is related to the ethnic origin of that team's coach and general manager.
It finds the ethnic origin variables to be unable to explain the representational patterns, leaving the team location variable as the only significant explanatory variable. These statistical findings thus support a "customer discrimination" explanation of the underrepresentation, as opposed to an "employer discrimination" explanation. Identifying this source of any potential discrimination is important, since different sources will have different implications for the prospects of reducing such discrimination.     

资源、网络关系嵌入性与中国本土制造企业升级案例研究

本文聚焦全球生产网络背景下中国本土制造企业的升级问题。通过将内部资源与外部网络关系嵌入相结合,基于对本土制造企业升级的案例研究,运用扎根理论的研究方法总结出企业升级的内在机理,并构建企业升级机制的理论模型。能力提升是企业升级的本质,资源层级模型更清晰地体现资源各要素之间的关系以及资源与能力相互转化的路径和过程,深刻揭示企业升级的本质及内在机理。作为企业升级系统中的两个重要子系统,内部资源与外部网络关系嵌入存在交互耦合关系,其耦合协同程度越高,越能够促进企业升级的实现。     

Mixed Embeddedness: (In)formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands

Immigrants from non-industrialized countries have become part and parcel of the social fabric of many advanced urban economies, including those in the Netherlands. A significant number of these migrants opt for setting up shop themselves. Lacking access to large financial resources and mostly lacking in educational qualifications, they are funnelled towards the lower end of the opportunity structure of these urban economies. To survive in these cut-throat markets, many migrant entrepreneurs revert to informal economic activities that are strongly dependent on specific social networks – mostly consisting of co-ethnics – to sustain these activities on a more permanent basis. To understand the social position of these migrant entrepreneurs and their chances of upward social mobility, one has to look beyond these co-ethnic networks and focus on their insertion in the wider society in terms of customers, suppliers and various kinds of business organizations. To deal with this latter type of insertion, we propose the use of a more comprehensive concept of mixed embeddedness that aims at incorporating both the co-ethnic social networks as well as the linkages (or lack of linkages) between migrant entrepreneurs and the economic and institutional context of the host society. We illustrate this concept by presenting a case study of Islamic butchers in the Netherlands. — Les immigrants des pays pas industrialisés sont devenus une part intégrale du tissu social de nombreuses économies urbaines développées, y compris celles des Pays-Bas. Un nombre significatif de migrants choisissent de s’établir à leur compte. N’ayant pas accès à des ressources financières importantes et ayant peu de qualifications académiques, ils sont entraînés vers le bas des structures de débouchés de ces économies. Pour survivre dans ces économies très dures, beaucoup d’entrepreneurs immigrants retournent aux activités économiques informelles qui dépendent fortement des réseaux sociaux spécifiques – principalement co-ethniques – pour soutenir ces activités de façon plus permanente. Afin de comprendre la position sociale de ces migrants entrepreneurs et leurs possibilités de mobilité sociale vers le haut, il faut regarder plus loin que ces réseaux co-ethniques et explorer leur insertion dans la société en général par rapport aux clients, fournisseurs et divers types d’organisation commerciales. Pour traiter de ce type d’insertion, nous proposons d’utiliser un concept d’incorporation mélangée plus compréhensif qui a pour but d’intégrer à la fois les réseaux sociaux co-ethniques et les liens (ou manque de liens) entre les migrants entrepreneurs et le contexte économique et institutionnel de la société d’acceuil. Nous illustrons ce concept par un cas d’étude de bouchers islamiques aux Pays-Bas.     

社会网络嵌入对高新技术企业双元创新的影响研究

复杂快变的外部环境对高新技术企业创新提出了更高的要求,即双元创新,为了实现创新,越来越多的高新技术企业选择与其他企业或机构组建创新网络,借助网络实现知识的获取和整合。本文从不同创新对知识获取和整合的需求出发,分别探讨了关系性嵌入和结构性嵌入对双元创新的影响,进而指出高新技术企业可以借助于对社会网络嵌入的管理提高其实施双元创新的效果。     

Entrepreneurial Opportunities of Refugees in Germany,France, and Ireland: Multiple Embeddedness Framework

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - Recently, the entrepreneurial potential of refugees has received growing attention from scholars and policymakers. However, the literature on...     

工作嵌入、组织支持感与离职倾向关系的实证研究

文章通过对广西桂林市生产制造企业167名员工进行调查,研究工作嵌入、组织支持感及离职倾向之间的关系后发现,工作嵌入对组织支持感具有显著的正向影响,工作嵌入、组织支持感对离职倾向具有显著的负向影响,且组织支持感在工作嵌入与离职倾向的关系中发挥了中介作用     

全球价值链嵌入视角下内蒙古煤炭产业集群升级思考

文章介绍了内蒙古煤炭资源在全国能源中的重要地位,剖析了内蒙古煤炭产业集群发展现状,并就全球价值链嵌入视角下内蒙古煤炭产业集群升级目标与升级类型进行了探讨.     

组织嵌入与职业嵌入对任务绩效的影响——离职意愿的中介作用

旨在研究组织嵌入与职业嵌入对任务绩效的效应机理,本研究以社会学习理论为基础,探讨离职意愿在上述关系中的中介作用.研究以河北省两个城市的383名员工和93名主管为调查对象,在验证了量表信效度的基础上,构建结构方程模型对假设进行检验,结果表明:(1)组织嵌入和职业嵌入均与任务绩效呈显著正相关,即组织嵌入和职业嵌入越高,任务绩效越好;(2)离职意愿在组织和职业嵌入与任务绩效的关系中起到中介作用.     

Aggregate Versus Disaggregate Data in Measuring School Quality

This article develops a measure of efficiency to use with aggregated data. Unlike the most commonly used efficiency measures, our estimator adjusts for the heteroskedasticity created by aggregation. Our estimator is compared to estimators currently used to measure school efficiency. Theoretical results are supported by a Monte Carlo experiment. Results show that for samples containing small schools (sample average may be about 100 students per school but sample includes several schools with about 30 or less students), the proposed aggregate data estimator performs better than the commonly used OLS and only slightly worse than the multilevel estimator. Thus, when school officials are unable to gather multilevel or disaggregate data, the aggregate data estimator proposed here should be used. When disaggregate data are available, standardizing the value-added estimator should be used when ranking schools.