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1.
This paper examines recreationist and tourist value orientations toward coral reefs (e.g. protection–use, biocentric-anthropocentric), tests a scale for measuring these orientations in recreation and tourism settings, groups individuals based on their orientations and examines demographic and activity differences among groups. Data were obtained from surveys of 2821 users at three coastal and marine sites in Hawai'i. Belief statements about reefs (e.g. “coral reefs have value whether humans are present or not”) were used to measure value orientations. Users agreed with protectionist and disagreed with use-oriented beliefs. Except for one statement (“humans should manage coral reefs so that humans benefit”), the scale provided a reliable and valid measure of value orientations toward reefs. Respondents were grouped into three subgroups (strong protection, moderate protection, mixed protection–use). The largest number of users had strong protectionist orientations toward reefs, and there was no group possessing only use orientations. There were no relationships between value orientations and site, age and residence. Females, snorkelers and sunbathers had stronger protectionist orientations, whereas most scuba divers and anglers had mixed orientations. Given that most respondents had protectionist orientations, efforts to conserve reefs would be supported, whereas activities with deleterious effects on reefs would not be widely supported.  相似文献   

2.
    
Following a definition of the basic terms employed, the author examines the interrelationships between planning, policymaking and forecasting. The main trends in futures research are described, and some forecasting methods and techniques conventionally used in tourism studies are considered. Criteria are derived by which tourism policy-makers could measure the usefulness of forecasts presented to them.  相似文献   

3.
    

In the wide context of travel and tourism, recreation plays a significant role in occupying holiday‐maker's agenda, so much so that destination is often sought based on recreation activities it offers. Campus recreation for example, is a major component that influences the young when choosing the destination in which to pursue higher education. However, the truly‐important‐but‐often‐dismissed role of recreation is perhaps its value towards the intellectual development of youth. This special value is perhaps more apparent if we discuss it in the context of adolescents in a campus setting i.e. the students. This study is an attempt to examine the relationship between these two dimensions. Specially, it looked at the link between recreation and academic aspirations and achievement using a specific student population. Aspiration is measured by looking at an individual's attitudes, motivation and expectation with regard to formal education. Findings from the study indicated a strong relationship between intensity of recreation with aspiration. It is found that the more intense the recreation activity, the more positive the individual's aspiration towards in class learning is. However, the same cannot be concluded for relationship between intensity of recreation with academic achievement. This is because the study found that individuals who recreate most intensely do not show good academic achievement. The same scenario is also true for those who recreate least intensely. Individuals who showed the best academic achievement are found to be those who recreation intensity is comparatively moderate. The study provided several recommendations for the planning and provision of recreation activities in institutions of higher learning and emphasized the need for students to recognize the importance of balancing academic and nonacademic pursuit in their time management.  相似文献   

4.
基于北京非典期间的社会经济运行情况,针对12个北京旅游特定产业进行社会实验。实验设置了对照组和实验组,通过比较确定了产业旅游供给比例,推算了北京旅游业增加值及旅游就业人数等核心指标,并与北京旅游卫星账户(2004)估算出的主要指标进行了对比讨论,为旅游卫星账户中关键指标的判别提供了一种简易的辅助性方法。  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Research on the political activity of outdoor recreationists has focused primarily on their associational affiliations and concern for the environment. This article reviews literature on theories of collective behavior, recreation motivations, and environmental concern. The study considers outdoor recreation as a social movement and investigates relationships between incentives for voluntary membership in environmental and outdoor recreation associations, motivations for participation in outdoor recreation activities, and environmental concern. Members of associations were found to be significantly different than nonmembers on several variables including value for outdoor recreation, incentives for association membership, intellectual motivations for outdoor recreation, environmental concern, education level, and age. Results suggest that association efforts to obtain instrumental benefits, or public goods that accrue to all of society, are a primary incentive for outdoor recreationists to join voluntary associations. A common thread of intellectual pursuit distinguished members from nonmembers, suggesting that intellectual benefits may help define the relationship between outdoor recreation and associational affiliation behaviors.  相似文献   

6.
This paper studies factors that motivate an American’s decision to seek medical care outside the United States. Principal components analysis yielded three factors – risk, social-related, and vacation. We found that the middle-income earners and recipients of Medicare, the federal health insurance program for the elderly, are more motivated by risk-related factors to travel for care, but the middle-aged and older, and the married are more motivated by social-related factors to travel for care. Medical tourism has the potential to ease the strain on the healthcare systems of developed countries. How well it does this will depend on how policy makers address these factors.  相似文献   

7.
旅游发展是国家公园生态价值转化的重要路径与国家公园全民公益性的重要体现,周边社区居民是国家公园体制建设与旅游发展中的核心利益相关者之一,其生活质量影响国家公园生态保护与高质量发展。本文利用黄山风景区门户社区居民调查数据,探讨了处于探索阶段、参与阶段、发展阶段和巩固阶段等不同旅游生命周期阶段的社区居民生活质量差异及其成因。研究表明:(1)不同旅游发展阶段的社区居民生活质量差异显著,居民生活质量随社区旅游发展阶段演进而提升的现象具有滞后效应;(2)居民生计资本对不同旅游发展阶段社区居民生活质量的提升具有差异性;(3)随着社区旅游发展水平的不断提高,人力资本对居民生活质量的提升处于主导地位。  相似文献   

8.
This article proposes that reactance theory can be used to better understand how tourists’ perceptions of climate change affect their travel decisions. Reactance theory explains how individuals value their perceived freedom to make choices, and why they react negatively to any threats to their freedom. We study the psychological consequences of threatening tourist's freedoms, using a range of projective techniques: directly, using photo-expression, and indirectly, through collage, photo-interviewing and scenarios. We find that reactance theory helps to explain the extent of travel to two destinations: Svalbard and Venice, providing a nuanced understanding of how travellers restore their freedom to travel through three incremental stages: denying the climate change threat, reducing tensions arising from travel and heightening demand particularly for the most visibly threatened destinations. The theory suggests a fourth stage, helplessness, reached when consumers dismiss the value of destinations once they can no longer be enjoyed, but for which we, as yet, have no data. Reactance theory questions the validity of awareness-raising campaigns as behavioural change vehicles, provides alternative explanations of why the most self-proclaimed, environmentally aware individuals travel frequently, and helps identify nuanced, socially acceptable forms of sustainability marketing, capable of reducing resistance to change.  相似文献   

9.
基于系统科学的旅游地演化机制及规律性初探   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
现阶段旅游地复杂系统演化相关研究成果一方面很难辨析旅游地生命周期理论及其个案论争,另一方面由于无法深入研究系统演化背后的运行机制及其规律性,从而无法形成理论研究体系与范式.有鉴于此,本文作者以系统科学为指导,在明确旅游地复杂系统演化涵义的基础上,以旅游地最根本矛盾--供求关系为线索构建系统演化模型,在辨析旅游地生命周期理论分歧问题的基础上诠释了旅游地复杂系统的演化机制及其规律性.  相似文献   

10.
    
Understanding market responses to climate change impacts has important implications for the sustainability of Australia's winter tourism destinations. Utilising a framework incorporating push–pull tourist motivations and the theory of leisure substitutability, this study sought to explore how winter tourists in Australia will adapt to changes in snow cover in Australia's alpine regions under future climate change scenarios. The results of a questionnaire completed by 231 respondents indicated that tourist motivations were related to behavioural adaptation, and that there is a general preference among the current winter market for spatial substitution in the event of poor snow. Those motivated by recreation specialisation or snow-related attributes were likely to opt for spatial substitution, while tourists motivated by self-expression and après ski activities displayed resilience to poor snow conditions. The results demonstrate a clear division between leisure-driven tourists who valued participation in sport, and experience-driven tourists, who displayed higher resilience to reduced snow under projected climate change scenarios. These results have practical implications for winter tourism destinations, both in terms of targeting experience-driven tourists in the case of reduced snow as well as the longer term sustainability and viability of winter tourism destinations.  相似文献   

11.
大众旅游时代,中国旅游业发展正进入重大变革期和调整期,这要求我们要立足中国旅游业基本国情,重新审视中国旅游地理学研究转型问题。文章认为,中国旅游地理学研究国际化是重要趋势,这种国际化也在一定程度上推动着研究本土化进程。中国特色旅游地理学研究在总体方向上要扎根于旅游产业重大需求实现转型,在研究对象上,从典型旅游地研究向国土游憩空间优化研究拓展;在研究重点上,从旅游要素研究逐步向旅游地复杂地域系统过程模拟与预测研究转型;在研究范式上,更加从现有理论研究和规划实践的脱节向“理论研究—规划实践—政策应用”的有效链接提升。在此过程中,国外旅游地理研究可为中国旅游地理学研究提供重要借鉴参考。  相似文献   

12.
Does tourism change our lives? The mainstream of tourism psychology research is mostly concerned with tourist motivation, behavior in and satisfaction with destination, and few studies explore how tourism might affect people's perceptions of themselves, home, neighborhood, work, friends, relatives, and life in general. This study seeks insights into the effect and influence of travel and tourism on people, not momentary impact during vacation but longer-term impact in terms of sense of being, direction in life, and well-being. It is found that there are positive changes in the perception of life among Chinese travelers in general and the perception changes among travelers are significantly stronger than the perception changes among the control group of non-travelers. There is clear evidence that travelers feel more positive than non-travelers in their general well-being, attitude toward life, sense of control, and outlook.  相似文献   

13.
An increase in tourism in popular destinations often leads to a growing need for various services, including sex-related services, which can exacerbate or accelerate social problems in the host community. Although often addressed in tourism studies within broad-ranging social impact research, prostitution in tourism destinations deserves independent investigation due to its complex nature. This study was conducted to investigate the opinions of Macau residents on prostitution and related social issues. We collected data using a questionnaire, which revealed the following results. Respondents tended to regard prostitution as a permanent part of the Macau community and believed that the likelihood of the government being able to eliminate prostitution through legislation was extremely low. Their perceptions of prostitution could be placed within the dichotomy of deviance and normativeness. Regarding prostitution as a normative existence was positively related to the acceptance of sex tourism. A tolerance of negative tourism impacts was associated with residents’ perceived quality of life. We ultimately draw conclusions from these findings and consider their implications for government agencies.  相似文献   

14.
旅游地生命周期研究现状和展望   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
邵晓兰  高峻 《旅游学刊》2006,21(6):76-82
对旅游地的发展研究中,旅游地生命周期理论是其重要的理论基石.本文回顾了国内外关于旅游地生命周期理论以及案例研究成果,通过讨论该理论的形成、发展以及主要研究内容和目前的研究难点,认为在运用该理论进行旅游发展研究中应加强危机管理以及对于旅游决策者和管理者的研究,并且重视旅游地发展过程中产品体系的更新、旅游地内部各个子系统的生命周期研究以及重视案例研究和政策因素都是非常重要的.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study is to better understand local residents’ support for tourism development by exploring residents’ perceived value of tourism development, life domain satisfaction (material/non-material), and overall quality of life in their community. The study provides the theoretical and empirical evidence of the relationships among those constructs. Using a sample of residents from five different tourism destinations, the results of a structural equation modeling approach indicated that residents’ perceived value of tourism development positively affects non-material and material life domain satisfaction; thereby, it contributes to overall quality of life. Finally, overall quality of life is an effective predictor of support for further tourism development.  相似文献   

16.
    
Social changes induced by tourism development are examined from the standpoint of modernization and capitalist development in Vent and Obergurgl, two small Alpine communities in Western Austria. The level of development of these two villages regarding structure and values is determined empirically and the existence of a relationship between these two levels established: traditional precapitalist structures and values dominate in Vent, while modern capitalist structures and values prevail in Obergurgl. Analysis of the conditions and processes of change showed tourism to be acceptable to traditional precapitalist structures as well as to modern capitalist structures and values. However, once tourism evolves to a “mono-culture”, it transcends the traditional precapitalist framework.  相似文献   

17.
This study examines whether people with disabilities(PWD) participate in leisure and travel activities with their desired companions and if there are discrepancies between their social networks and real recreation companions. The recreation companionship and travel behaviour of PWD have not been thoroughly explored, particularly in non-Western contexts. Accordingly, data were collected from 494 respondents in South Korea, and findings suggest that there was a significant gap between companions PWD desire and those they actually maintain. Travel and tourism were the least frequent recreation activities for PWD. The results can provide managerial implications regarding practices of inclusive and accessible tourism.  相似文献   

18.
Summary

This paper offers an alternative way of segmenting a non-western travel market, namely, the Japanese outbound market. The segmentation schema comprises several institutionalised forms of travel likely to be undertaken by a Japanese individual in the course of his or her life. Coined the ‘travel life cycle,' the concept fits Japanese society well due to the highly organized and group-oriented patterns of travel that have emerged over the past one hundred years. While this form of segmentation is unlikely to be usefully applied to western travel markets, its application in the Japanese context may suggest that it has relevance when examining the travel patterns of other tradition-bound and group-oriented Asian travel markets such as Korea, China or Indonesia. The paper's conceptual contribution lies in the implicit suggestion that particular cultures may develop and exhibit unique forms of consumption behavior that lie outside the conceptual framework normally adopted by western academics and marketing practitioners. Manageri-ally, the paper suggests ways by which tourism operators and tourism promotion bodies can more efficiently and effectively target Japanese travellers according to the stage of travel life cycle.  相似文献   

19.
周军  何小芊  张涛  龚胜生 《旅游学刊》2011,26(12):64-71
现有旅游价值研究中多用游憩价值或再加上非使用价值来代替旅游总经济价值,这种价值评估并不完整。文章借鉴环境经济价值评估的通用框架,基于对旅游价值构成的逻辑关系分析,旅游总经济价值应是由游憩价值、旅游品牌价值、旅游环境价值、生态服务价值、选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值7种基本价值类型构成的4级价值体系。根据屈原故里景区的特点,按照科学性、可操作性、可比性等原则优选确定各项旅游价值的评估方法:①游憩价值采用旅行费用区间分析法;②旅游品牌价值采用最大品牌权益法评估;③旅游环境价值采用费用支出法;④生态服务价值采用生态系统静态平衡模型;⑤选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值等旅游非使用价值采用条件价值法。实证研究结果为:屈原故里景区2010年的旅游总经济价值约为1.37亿元;其中,游憩价值为3171.39万元,旅游品牌价值为915.6万元,旅游环境价值为1445万元,生态服务价值为30.65万元,旅游总使用价值为5562.64万元;旅游非使用价值为8122.3万元。评估不仅反映了屈原故里的总经济价值,还揭示出旅游价值体系的多维构成关系。  相似文献   

20.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Understanding visitor experiences is essential if park managers are to facilitate beneficial outcomes for both individuals and society. We investigated visitor experiences in a special model of thematically connected guided walking, biking, and 4WD tours in Australian national parks. Outcomes attained by first-time and repeat participants were assessed by questionnaires with more detailed insights from semi-structured interviews with repeat participants. Participants developed strong social ties with community members and experienced significant improvements in health, well-being, and competence, gaining a sense of achievement from mastering a challenge with positive implications for their lives beyond the tours. The tour series performed well in achieving visitor satisfaction, repeat participation, and word-of-mouth recommendation. The experience increased participants’ attachment to national parks, reinforcing their sense of environmental stewardship. The findings are especially relevant to efforts in parks and elsewhere to better integrate senior citizens into the community and provide opportunities to increase their physical, mental, and social well-being. Such opportunities become limited, for example, when people retire from work or suffer health impairment. The tour series proved an effective tool for outcome-focused park management, providing significant personal benefits to participants with positive implications for larger societal benefits, plus political and financial advantages for park managements.  相似文献   

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