寿险合同复效之立法变动及规范方向

保险合同的中止和复效是因人寿保险合同的保险费交付债务的特殊性而在保险法上的特别规定。其规定在强行性上属于半强性规范,是为保护危险团体成员的利益而设,保险人不能通过格式条款或其他方式予以排除适用,或作出较该规范更不利于危险团体成员利益的规定。为此,需要在立法上增加关于认知和判断半强性规范的效力性规定,同时,也需明确复效的具体条件,以消除保险人在实际上通过协商同意来操控处于效力停止状态的保险合同的命运,使危险团体成员的利益得以落实。     

Uniqueness of the fair premium for equity-linked life insurance contracts

An equity-linked life insurance contract combines an endowment life insurance and an investment strategy with a minimum guarantee. The benefit of this contract is determined by the guaranteed amount plus a bonus equal to a call on the portfolio. This bonus is similar to an Asian option. This article analyzes the relationship between the periodic insurance premium and its proportional share invested into the portfolio. For a general model of the financial risks we show the existence and uniqueness of an insurance premium. Furthermore the premium is strictly increasing and convex as a function of the share invested.     

The benefit of life insurance contracts with capped index participation when stock prices are subject to jump risk

We analyze the benefit to the insured of newly traded, innovative life insurance contracts. On a sequence of yearly reference days, the insured can choose between a guaranteed return (linked to the insurer’s asset result) and a capped index participation. The cap is adjusted at the beginning of each year such that both alternatives have the same value and the option to select is costless (product structuring condition). We point out that this condition cannot always be met. If the guaranteed return exceeds the upper bound of the capped index participation, the insurer can make a side profit. We show that a rather low insurance result also implies a rather low stock exposure, even if the insured opts for the index participation. Concerning the impact of the index dynamics, we emphasize that it is important to distinguish between jump and diffusion risk because the pricing of jump risk has an impact on cap rates that can be offered to an insured. Finally, we show that the optimal decision strategy of a CRRA investor implies an index selection even if it is unfairly priced such that the insurer indeed makes a side profit.     

湖南保险代理公司业务转型趋势及风险探析

随着寿险业务经营理念的不断深入,加之资本市场运作的推动以及公司持续发展的需要,湖南的部分保险代理公司已经逐渐向代理寿险业务转型。尽管湖南寿险专业代理机构采取了精英模式、华康模式、泛华模式等不同的经营管理模式,但都呈现出资金实力相对比较强,分支机构建设力度较大,盈利周期普遍较长,合作模式和渠道单一,从业人员素质不高等共同特点。监管机构必须高度关注寿险专业代理机构发展过程中存在的风险,及时采取应对措施,以促进湖南保险业持续健康发展。     

Insurance contracts portfolios with heterogenous parametric life distributions

In this paper we consider two portfolios: one of m endowment insurance contracts and one of m whole life insurance contracts. We introduce the majorization order, Schur functions, and parametric families of distribution functions. We assume that the owners of the portfolios are exposed to different members of a known parametric family of distributions and study the effect of this stochastic heterogeneity on the premiums and death benefits of the insurance contracts. We show that the premiums paid in both contracts are Schur concave and that the death benefit awarded in the whole life contract is Schur convex. We provide upper and lower bounds for the premiums and for the death benefit, and compute the bounds for four parametric families of distribution functions used frequently in the Actuarial Sciences.     

Huntington's disease,critical illness insurance and life insurance

We describe briefly a model of Huntington's disease (HD), a highly penetrant, dominantly inherited, fatal neurological disorder. Although it is a single-gene disorder, mutations are variable in their effects, depending on the number of times that the CAG trinucleotide is repeated in a certain region of the HD gene. The model covers: (a) rates of onset, depending on CAG repeat length as well as age; (b) post-onset rates of mortality; and (c) the distribution of CAG repeat lengths in the population. Using these, we study the critical illness and life insurance markets. We calculate premiums based on genetic test results that disclose the CAG repeat length, or more simply on a family history of HD. These vary widely with age and policy term; some are exceptionally high, but in a large number of cases cover could be offered within normal underwriting limits. We then consider the possible costs of adverse selection, in terms of increased premiums, under various possible moratoria on the use of genetic information, including family history. These are uniformly very small, because of the rarity of HD, but do show that the costs would be much larger in relative terms if family history could not be used in underwriting. We point out some difficulties involved in applying a moratorium that recognises simply a dichotomy between ‘carriers’ and ‘non-carriers’ of any mutation in a gene when these mutations are, in fact, very variable in their effects. These complexities suggest that restrictions on the disclosure, rather than on the use, of genetic information, if it became established as a principle, could deprive insurers of information needed for risk management even if not used in underwriting.     

法院审理保险合同案件的两种解释方法比较

目前保险合同诉讼案件日趋增多,为探究当事人订立合同时的真正意图,不少法院采用了语境解释,当事人为证实自己的主张不断地举证,法院慎重地审查当事人提出的证据,但法院仍然存在错判的风险,而当事人诉讼成本的增加则是确定的。有时法院采用文本解释,即仅根据保险合同本身也能正确地判案,但诉讼成本大大降低。本文比较了这两种解释方法对法院判决保险合同案件准确性以及当事人花费诉讼成本的影响,指出文本解释优于语境解释。     

寿险公司内部控制问题探析

当今社会经济的日益繁荣及经济来往的多元化、复杂化,使寿险公司的经营面临着诸多风险,加强内部控制研究和实施就成为寿险公司亟待解决的一个问题。本文揭示了内部控制的涵义和本质,描述了寿险公司内部控制的特点和目前存在的问题,提出了加强寿险公司内部控制应采取的对策:强化内部控制在战略管理中的地位;寿险公司内部控制作为核心竞争力的培育;建立寿险公司内部控制标准;提升内部控制设计思路;加强内部控制的执行力等。     

基于产品组合视角我国寿险公司综合免疫策略研究

针对我国人寿保险公司的经营面临着日益加大的市场风险与死亡率风险．提出了一种同时规避死亡率风险与利率风险的综合免疫策略。假设寿险公司采取资产主导的资产负债管理模式,通过对寿险公司两类主要产品（死亡给付产品和生存给付产品）的组合比例调整,实现对死亡率风险和利率风险的双重免疫。为此首先建立寿险公司死亡率自然对冲模型,在此基础上将利率风险引入模型,进而构建起同时规避死亡率和利率风险的寿险公司综合免疫产品组合策略。     

Competition,efficiency and soundness in European life insurance markets

This paper provides cross-country evidence on the association between soundness and competition in the life insurance industry, where competition is measured by the Boone indicator. We analyse 10 European Union (EU) life insurance markets over the post-deregulation period 1999–2011. The results indicate that competition increases the soundness of the EU life insurance markets. Since the Boone indicator measures competition based on the reallocation of profits from inefficient insurers to efficient ones, our results suggest that efficiency is the mechanism through which competition contributes to insurer solvency. The soundness-enhancing effect of competition is greater for weak insurers than for healthy ones.     

Firm life expectancy and the heterogeneity of the book-to-market effect

I argue that the reason the book-to-market effect is stronger in small stocks is because smaller stocks generally have shorter life expectancy and therefore shorter equity duration. I build a model in which the book-to-market effect is stronger in stocks with shorter life expectancy. Empirically, I use delisting probability as my proxy for life expectancy. The data support my model's central prediction and its additional implications for stock return and variance. My results provide a rational explanation for the heterogeneity of the book-to-market effect, evidence previously taken as support for behavioral explanations.     

Optimal life insurance with no-borrowing constraints: duality approach and example

We solve an optimal portfolio choice problem under a no-borrowing assumption. A duality approach is applied to study a family’s optimal consumption, optimal portfolio choice, and optimal life insurance purchase when the family receives labor income that may be terminated due to the wage earner’s premature death or retirement. We establish the existence of an optimal solution to the optimization problem theoretically by the duality approach and we provide an explicitly solved example with numerical illustration. Our results illustrate that the no-borrowing constraints do not always impact the family’s optimal decisions on consumption, portfolio choice, and life insurance. When the constraints are binding, there must exist a wealth depletion time (WDT) prior to the retirement date, and the constraints indeed reduce the optimal consumption and the life insurance purchase at the beginning of time. However, the optimal consumption under the constraints will become larger than that without the constraints at some time later than the WDT.     

寿险保单强制执行的法律问题研究

寿险保单属典型的财产权,在保险事故发生之前相关权利主要归属投保人,在法律上为民诉法相关司法解释所规定的债权,可被法院强制执行。法院在执行寿险保单时,不得直接要求保险公司解除寿险保单,而应要求投保人解除寿险保单并由保险公司协助扣划保单现金价值。企业为员工购买的寿险保单不得因企业负债而被执行,投保人为被执行人时应允许被保险人或受益人支付对价取得投保人地位。本文同时就保险公司如何应对协助执行寿险保单时可能面临的风险提出了对策。     

我国保险格式条款行政监管比较分析

保险合同行政监管是各种保险合同监管方式中最早的一种,同时也是必不可少的一种。我国历来重视对保险格式条款的行政监管。《合同法》、2009年修订的《保险法》、《消费者权益保护法》以及不少地方性法规都不同程度地规定了保险合同监管的主体、内容、方式、原则、宗旨等,这些规定一方面整体确立了保险监管的基本框架,同时又划分了监管主体各自的监管疆界。     

投资收益、经营效率和寿险企业市场绩效

中国寿险业的垄断型市场结构并没有造成垄断企业控制市场以获得超额利润的情况。本文选取中国人寿、泰康人寿、新华人寿三家企业1998年～2007年间的面板数据作为样本数据,分析了我国寿险公司绩效的影响因素,认为在中国寿险业日益激烈的市场竞争下,寿险企业的利润主要来自投资收益,经营效率高的企业虽然不能因为技术效率和规模效率而获得高利润,但是可以在竞争中占有更多的市场份额。     

数据挖掘技术在寿险业交叉销售中的应用

一般来说,保险公司获得新客户的成本比维持老客户的成本要高得多,因此保险公司开始更多地关注现有客户的发展,交叉销售正是挖掘现有客户的消费潜力的有效方法。本文以CRISP-DM(Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining)方法论为基础,探讨聚类分析和关联规则在寿险行业交叉销售中的应用,并结合某寿险公司的基础数据应用Clementine挖掘工具建立了交叉销售模型,帮助寿险公司有针对性地开展产品营销。     

Adaptation and change in the Australian life insurance industry: an historical perspective

In the wake of the deregulation of the financial sector in Australia in the 1980s and 1990s the life insurance industry has undergone a period of rapid change and reorganisation. Part of this adjustment has been the move towards the integration of financial service provision and the rise of bancassurance. This paper investigates the strategies adopted by Australian life insurers as they moved into the increasingly competitive environment triggered by the lifting of government restrictions on banking practices. It compares the approach of life insurers with that adopted in an earlier period of expansion and change. During the 1950s and 1960s an influx of foreign owned insurance companies into the Australian market precipitated the diversification of domestic life insurers into other insurance markets. The catalyst for change in both cases was the change in information costs brought about by the change in the competitive environment. The experience of the Australian life insurance market would suggest that there is a link between changing information costs and changing organisational structures. However this link is circumscribed by the institutional environment.     

Default- and call-adjusted duration for corporate bonds

Call and default can potentially alter the timing and amounts of promised cashflows for callable, corporate bonds. While prior research has indicated the theoretical importance of adjusting Macaulay duration for the impacts of default and call, the question of their relative impact remains a matter of debate [The High Yield Debt Market, Dow Jones Irwin, New York, 1990, p. 18; J. Finan. 53 (1998) 2225]. We develop a theoretical analysis incorporating both default and call effects on duration and test its implications employing a previously unexplored data base of Canadian, investment grade, corporate bond indices containing an unusual provision making it possible to identify callable and noncallable indices.