基于RAROC的银行资本配置陷阱与修正

利用RAROC(Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital)与传统CAPM(Capital Asset Pricing Model)模型相结合进行资本配置，是目前大部分银行等金融机构所采用的主流方法。但是由于这一方法忽视了RAROC与CAPM各自的假设和环境，从而导致在很多方面不匹配，因此不可避免地使基于RAROC的资本配置框架产生一些陷阱，如银行对某一类资产的过度配置或者配置不足等问题。为此，本文首先分析了这些陷阱产生的根源及导致的后果，继而针对这些陷阱提出了一系列修正措施，如修正的CAPM模型——二因素模型，文章最后在讨论这些修正可行性的基础上，建立了新的资本配置框架。     

银行资本管理术

近年来,随着银行金融体制改革向纵深推进,金融监管逐步与国际接轨,中国银行业正面临着对资本约束的考验和风险文化的冲击。尽管目前多家银行虽然实行了经济资本管理,但是由于理解深度不够,操作不规范,存在一些不足之处。例如,关注表内贷款管理,管理幅度不能涵盖银行全部风险;与财务和资产风险的管理衔接性不够;对风险资产经济资本的事后定量计量,没有形成对风险资产和资本回报的有效约束机制等。今年6月,银监会推出《商业银行资本管理办法》,对银行资本管理提     

基于RAROC模型的存贷利差水平研究

本文基于RAROC模型提出了一个存贷利差定价模型,认为存贷款利差与违约率、损失率、非利息收入比重、费用率、存放款比例和银行实际资金成本有关。利用我国的相关数据求出了各类商业银行存贷利差的临界值,认为从实际利差来看,我国当前的存贷利差水平基本合理。     

基于RAROC模型的存贷利差水平研究

本文基于RAROC模型提出了一个存贷利差定价模型,认为存贷款利差与违约率、损失率、非利息收入比重、费用率、存放款比例和银行实际资金成本有关.利用我国的相关数据求出了各类商业银行存贷利差的临界值,认为从实际利差来看,我国当前的存贷利差水平基本合理.     

基于EVA和RAROC的银行部门绩效管理研究

本文尝试构建银行部门绩效管理体系,提出了基于EVA和RAROC的银行绩效管理模式,贯彻风险调整的绩效管理理念,努力提高银行部门绩效管理水平。     

欧洲股票市场的规模和动因:基于不同β系数的资本资产定价模型实证研究

我们选用在13个欧洲股市上市的证券,形成规模和动因组合.我们不仅发现规模溢价的证据,还发现8个样本市场存在重大动因收益率.这些收益率可能不构成异常现象,因为它们与不同β值的资本资产定价模型一致.我们还发现,系统风险与经济周期有关.此外,研究结果显示,虽然规模和动因收益率显著,但是难以在中、短期利用它们,因为在我们的样本...     

RAROC在商业银行资本配置中的应用

随着金融全球化的进一步发展,银行业的竞争日趋激烈。目前,资本约束已经成为我国银行业面临的最突出矛盾,而解决这一矛盾的根本出路在于合理配置银行资本金,以此提高资本金的使用效率。运用风险调整的资本收益率(Risk-Adjusted Return On Capital,简称RAROC)模型研究银行经济资本配置,不仅可以在拥有一定量的经济资本的前提下获得最大收益,而且可以加强银行业的风险管理能力。     

RAROC在商业银行资本配置中的应用

随着金融全球化的进一步发展,银行业的竞争日趋激烈。目前,资本约束已经成为我国银行业面临的最突出矛盾,而解决这一矛盾的根本出路在于合理配置银行资本金,以此提高资本金的使用效率。运用风险调整的资本收益率(Risk-Adjusted Return On Capital,简称RAROC)模型研究银行经济资本配置,不仅可以在拥有一定量的经济资本的前提下获得最大收益,而且可以加强银行业的风险管理能力。     

Possible explanations of no-synergy mergers and small firm effect by the Generalized Capital Asset Pricing Model

The Sharpe-Lintner Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the General Capital Asset Pricing Model (GCAPM) suggested by Levy (1978), Merton (1987), and Markowitz (1989) are compared and analyzed. Under the GCAPM we obtain the following main results: 1) the value additivity principle breaks down, which explains mergers and acquisitions; 2) beyond a certain limit, the profit from additional merger is negative; and 3) in a GCAPM equilibrium, small firms earn an abnormal profit in comparison to what is predicted by the CAPM. These results, which are indeed observed in the market, are fully consistent with the GCAPM, but are in contradiction to the CAPM.     

Capital gains tax and the capital asset pricing model

This paper develops a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model that views dividend imputation as affecting company tax and assumes differential taxation of capital gains and ordinary income. These taxation issues aside, the model otherwise rests on the standard assumptions including full segmentation of national capital markets. It also treats dividend policy as exogenously determined. Estimates of the cost of equity based on this model are then compared with estimates based on the version of the CAPM typically applied in Australia, which differs only in assuming equality of the tax rates on capital gains and ordinary income. The differences between the estimates can be material. In particular, with a high dividend yield, allowance for differential taxation can result in an increase of two to three percentage points in the estimated cost of equity. The overall result obtained here carries over to a dividend equilibrium, in which firms choose a dividend policy that is optimal relative to the assumed tax structure.     

Is beta still alive? Conclusive evidence from the Swiss stock market

Recent evidence from Fama and French (1992, 1996) and others shows that betas and returns are not related empirically. They interpret this as evidence against the validity of the capital asset pricing model and conclude that the beta is not a good measure of risk. This paper claims that usual tests do not leave much opportunity for beta to appear as a useful variable capable of explaining returns, because tests are often performed in periods where the average realized market excess return is not significantly different from zero. In order to assess the usefulness of beta, an alternative approach that dissociates results obtained in periods where the realized market excess is positive from those where it is negative is proposed. These new tests are then applied to a representative sample of the Swiss stock market over the period 1983–1991. The different results unambiguously support the fact that beta is a good measure of risk, because beta is strongly related to the cross-section of realized returns. These results also confirm that there are no arbitrage opportunities on this market.     

REITs资金配置优化——基于京、沪、深、渝四市的实证研究

本文运用CAPM模型,利用2000年10月到2010年10月的月度中房指数对北京、上海、深圳、重庆四个城市的REITs资金配置进行优化研究。研究结果表明对同一城市的不同物业类型进行投资,住宅投资的风险相比办公楼投资风险大;从区域投资分散化看,深圳的投资收益率高于房地产市场综合收益率,上海和北京接近,但从风险的角度来看,深圳和上海的投资风险最大,北京次之,重庆的投资风险最小。最后作者提出风险控制模型、资金投向、经济周期认识等相关对策。     

Size and momentum in European equity markets: empirical findings from varying beta Capital Asset Pricing Model

We use securities listed on 13 European equity markets to form size and momentum portfolios. We find limited evidence of a size premium but significant momentum returns in eight sample markets. We find that these premia may not constitute an anomaly because they are consistent with a varying‐beta Capital Asset Pricing Model. We also show that systematic risk is related to the business cycle. Furthermore, the results suggest that although size and especially momentum returns are significant, it would be difficult to exploit them in the short to medium run, because they are positive and sizeable in very few years in our sample.     

VaR模型在测算我国产险公司资产风险资本额中的应用

通过构建我国产险公司资产风险资本额的测算模型,比较V水估计方法后选择Delta—EWMA方法估算资产风险系数,对产险公司的实证分析结果表明：股票、证券投资基金、货币市场投资暴露的风险大,其资产风险资本额比例远高于其资产持有量比例。     

Unbiased estimation of expected return using CAPM

Estimation of expected return is required for many financial decisions. For example, an estimate for cost of capital is required for capital budgeting and cost of equity estimates are needed for performance evaluation based on measures such as EVA. Estimates for expected return are often based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which states that expected excess return (expected return minus the risk-free rate) is equal to the asset's sensitivity to the world market portfolio (β) times the risk premium on the “world market portfolio” (the market risk premium). Since the world market portfolio, by definition, contains all assets in the world, it is not observable. As a result, an estimate for expected return is commonly obtained by taking an estimate for β based on some index (as a proxy for the world market portfolio) and an estimate for the market risk premium based on a potentially different index and multiplying them together. In this paper, it is shown that this results in a biased estimate for expected return. This is undesirable since biased estimates lead to misallocation of funds and biased performance measures. It is also shown in this paper that the straightforward procedure suggested by Fama and MacBeth [J. Financ. Econ. 1 (1974) 43] results in an unbiased estimate for expected return. Further from the analysis done, it follows that, for an unbiased estimate, it does not matter what proxy is used, as long as it is used correctly an unbiased estimate for expected return results.     

The Conditional Relationship Between Beta and Returns: A Reassessment

Abstract:  Several recent empirical tests of the Capital Asset Pricing Model have been based on the conditional relationship between betas and market returns. This paper shows that this method needs reconsideration. An adjusted version of this test is presented. It is then demonstrated that the adjusted technique has similar, or lower, power to the more easily implemented CAPM test of Fama and MacBeth (1973) if returns are normally distributed.     

Time-varying risk in the German stock market

This paper compares two specifications of the Capital Asset Pricing Model for a sample of German stocks. The specifications generate time-varying first and second moments by conditioning on past information. This explicit modelling of the time series behaviour of risk allows us to characterize the driving factors of variances and covariances of returns. In addition to a variety of diagnostic tests we evaluate the validity of the one-factor restriction in the CAPM. The main findings are that risk is time dependent and very variable and also that more than one factor is needed to fit the data set.