为结婚而创业？男女性别比例失衡对创业决策的影响

基于繁殖竞争视角,利用1996-2014年《中国统计年鉴》和2011年《中国家庭金融调查》数据,从宏观和微观层面实证考察男女性别比例失衡与创业决策的关系,并在此基础上,着重研究男女性别比例失衡对四类不同人群创业决策的影响。研究结果表明,男女性别比例失衡与创业决策显著正相关,但它仅与未婚男性人群创业决策显著正相关,而与未婚女性／已婚男性／已婚女性人群创业决策均不相关。结果为人类经济行为和结果提供新见解,证明了某些生物属性可能会对人类经济行为（如创业）产生影响。但是,为解决就业问题和实现经济增长目的,政府不应有意操纵男女性别比例失衡以促使人们选择创业,而应为未婚男性人群制定个性化创业扶植政策等。     

保险保障基金制度效应分析——基于中国财险产业组织视角的研究

文章运用中国16家财险公司1999-2007年的面板数据,考察财险产业组织规律及保险保障基金制度对财险产业组织的影响,结果显示,中国财险业的市场结构与竞争行为正相关,市场结构与绩效正相关,竞争行为与绩效负相关;保险保障基金提取额与市场结构正相关,与竞争行为正相关,与绩效负相关.文章为了体现保险保障基金制度从隐性制度到显性制度的转变,将样本期间分为两阶段,尽管分阶段估计结果发生了一些变化,但并未改变基本结论.     

员工工作满意度、工作行为与组织承诺关系述评

员工工作满意度与组织承诺是研究员工工作行为的理论基础。根据已有的研究提出假设:员工工作满意度与员工组织公民行为正相关,与离职行为负相关;组织承诺与员工组织公民行为及角色内行为正相关,与离职行为负相关;员工工作满意度与组织承诺正相关;组织承诺在员工工作满意度对员工工作行为的影响中起着中介作用。     

Property rights protection and corporate R&D: Evidence from China

Following the recent literature on institutions and economic growth, we examine the effects of property rights protection on corporate R&D. Using a unique 2003 World Bank survey of over 2400 firms in 18 Chinese cities, we obtain the following findings: (1) property rights protection is positively and significantly related to corporate R&D activity (for both process and product R&D); (2) government services and helping hand are conducive to corporate R&D, while informal payments to government officials are not; and (3) government ownership of firms and direct appointment of CEOs are negatively associated with corporate R&D activities. We also find that corporate R&D is positively related to firm size, and access to finance, but negatively related to product market competition and firm age.     

Identifying,preventing and controlling invasive plant species using their physiological traits

A model of a plant community that is biologically reasonable and easily adaptable to economic models is presented. The model includes optimization, competition, stochastic limiting resources, and identification of redundant and invasive species. Species exhibit a rich array of traits that make them suited for some set of environmental factors and not for other sets. And because environmental factors are constantly changing, species that are very successful under one set of factors become redundant under another set, implying that an ecosystem needs redundant species as insurance. Invasive species are the flip side of redundant species as they are successful, at least under some environmental conditions. Identification depends on four physiological parameters defining each plant: two respiration parameters, a parameter that gives the plant's ideal level of the stochastic limiting resource, and the specific leaf area. The parameters are terms in an expression that gives the net energy intake of an individual plant, and the plant behaves as if it optimizes this by choosing its individual biomass. Success of species is judged based on the biomass of the species in steady state. An application extends the range management literature by incorporating the model into a rangeland manager's decision problem extends the range management literature. The model allows for multiple plant species, addresses the influence of limiting resources (other than density dependence), and tracks the response of the entire system to human and natural system perturbations. The methods allow simple predictions of community composition in the face of jointly determined economic/ecological behavior. The power of the method is demonstrated through stylized examples of alternative invasion control techniques.     

The Role of Human Capital and Population Growth in R&D‐based Models of Economic Growth*

Human capital accumulation is introduced in a growth model with R&D‐driven expansion in variety and quality of intermediate goods and knowledge spillovers from both research activities. Economic growth is no longer uniquely tied to population growth as previous growth models without scale effects suggest. The model predicts that economic growth depends positively on the rate of human capital accumulation and positively or negatively on population growth and is therefore supported by empirical evidence to a greater extent than previous models. In particular, long‐run growth is compatible with a stable population.     

Government size,demographic changes,and economic growth

"This paper examines the effect of government size on the growth rate of per capita output by incorporating demographic variables. Evidence from more than 86 countries suggests that the demographic variables not only affect economic growth, but also determine the size of government. Both the young and the old age dependency ratios were positively related to the size of government, while population density and population size were negatively related to the size of government. Moreover, when the demographic variables are included in the growth equations, the effect of government size on the growth rate of per capita output became insignificant rather than, as prior studies showed, significantly negative."     

Spatial growth and industry age

Between 1970 and 2000 employment growth across U.S. counties exhibited very different patterns in manufacturing and services. Whereas manufacturing employment growth was negatively related to initial manufacturing employment across the entire distribution of counties, service employment growth was positively related to initial service employment for intermediate sized counties. This paper presents a theory to rationalize these facts. Local sectoral growth is driven by technological diffusion across space and depends on the age of the sector. The theory correctly predicts the relation between county employment growth and initial county employment in manufacturing at the turn of the 20th century.     

Effects of competitive interactions of different life forms submersed plants on biomass allocation in shallow lakes

Plant competition has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing the soructure and function of lake ecosystems. Competition from plants of dissimilar growth form may have profound effects on shallow lakes＇. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of competitive interactions of submersed plants with dis- similar growth forms on the biomass allocations. Hydrilla verticitlata and Vallisneria natans were selected and were planted in a single-species monoculture and a mixed-species pattern, Results showed that the growth of E natans was＇ significantly affected by the tt, verticillata and caused a sharp reduction of biomass, but the root：shoot ratio of E ha- tans was not affected significantly and there was a minimal increase in mixture： while for H. verticillata, the biomass and the root：shoot ratio were not significantly changed by the competitive interactions ore natans, there was minimal increase of biomass and minimal decrease of the root：shoot ratio. These results may indicate that theplant which can develop a dense mat or canopy at the water surface would be a stronger competitor relative to the plant that depends more on light availability near the sediment.     

基于随机前沿生产函数的中国工业R＆D效率分析

长期以来，中国工业产业R＆D效率问题一直没有得到深入研究。本文以中国工业的37个行业为研究对象，利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从1998年到2002年5年期间的中国工业R＆D效率问题。研究结果表明：中国工业R＆D效率总体水平低下，有很大的提升空间；工业企业R＆D效率与前期投入成正比，而与行业竞争强度成反比；工业行业的R＆D效率可能主要与其市场结构有关，而与该行业中的主要企业是否国有企业无关；中国工业R＆D效率的高低不仅与行业的市场结构有关，而且与政府的支持方式也有联系。本文研究结果的重要政策含义是，中国如果要继续保持经济的较高速度增长，必须采取有力措施积极提高中国工业R＆D的总体效率水平。     

成长型思维与创业行为倾向研究——基于创业失败恐惧的多维度调节作用

为探究思维模式对潜在创业者认知能力的影响,帮助其提升实施创业行为的可能性,解决潜在创业者创业时的犹豫,将内隐理论引入创业领域,结合社会认知理论,检验成长型思维、创业自我效能感与创业行为倾向之间的作用机制,并将创业失败恐惧作为多维度调节变量进行研究。以辽宁省潜在创业者作为调研对象,利用SPSS24.0软件对171份有效样本进行数据处理与分析。结果发现：成长型思维对创业行为倾向具有正向影响;创业自我效能感在成长型思维与创业行为倾向之间起部分中介作用;对商业理念的恐惧和对社会尊严威胁的恐惧负向调节创业自我效能感与创业行为倾向之间的关系。研究结论有助于个体正确认识并克服失败恐惧,激发创业欲望,推进“大众创业,万众创新”深入发展。     

园林空间中光景的营造方式——以巴蜀园林为例

中国园林空间中，光影作为一种重要的景观要素成为园林空间营造与表现的手段，使园林空间更富于美感，更具层次感。基于“光景”的概念，以古典巴蜀园林为例，分析自然光影在园林空间中的3个作用，即界定空间领域、引导空间秩序、营造空间氛围；并从遮光、透光、反光、折光、聚光和剪影等方面研究光景设计手法，以期对现代园林设计中的光景营造提供一定的借鉴。     

不同来源金融资本对企业研发投入的影响研究

以中小板上市公司为样本,就不同来源金融资本对企业研发投入的影响进行了理论分析与实证检验。结果发现：①内源融资与企业研发投入正相关,高成长性企业表现尤为显著;②政府补助与企业研发投入正相关,资产负债率与企业研发投入负相关,且资产负债率负向调节政府补助与企业研发投入的正相关关系。企业应适度控制债权融资水平,提高企业研发投入动机,并有效发挥政府补助对研发投入的积极作用;③风险投资、外商直接投资与机构投资者对企业研发投入的影响不显著。     

Adding space to the international business cycle

Growth fluctuations exhibit substantial synchronization across countries, which has been viewed as reflecting a global business cycle driven by shocks with worldwide reach, or spillovers resulting from local real and/or financial linkages between countries. This paper brings these two perspectives together by analyzing international growth fluctuations in a setting that allows for both global shocks and spatial dependence. Using annual data for 117 countries over 1970–2016, the paper finds that the cross-country dependence of aggregate growth is the combined result of global shocks summarized by a latent common factor and spatial effects accruing through the growth of nearby countries – with proximity measured by bilateral trade linkages or geographic distance. The latent global factor shows a strong positive correlation with worldwide TFP growth. Countries’ exposure to global shocks is positively related to their openness to trade and the degree of commodity specialization of their economies, and negatively to their financial depth. Despite its simplicity, the empirical model fits the data well. Ignoring the cross-country dependence of growth, by omitting spatial effects or common shocks (or both) from the analysis, leads to a marked deterioration of the empirical model’s in-sample explanatory power and out-of-sample forecasting performance.     

基于企业不同生命周期的研发投资绩效研究——来自深圳中小板高新技术企业的证据

笔者以深圳中小板高新技术企业为样本,研究了企业不同生命周期阶段研发投资3个维度的绩效及其相互关系。研究结果表明:研发投资与研发投资技术绩效在企业生命周期3个阶段均为正相关关系,成熟期更显著;研发投资与研发投资财务绩效在成熟期是正相关关系,在衰退期是负相关关系;研发投资技术绩效与研发投资财务绩效以及研发投资技术绩效与研发投资价值绩效在企业生命周期3个阶段均为正相关关系,衰退期表现最弱;研发投资财务绩效和研发投资价值绩效在成长期和成熟期为正相关关系,在衰退期却没有显著相关关系。     

Effects of consumer preferences for rarity on the harvest of wild populations within a species

Economic theory predicts that exploitation of a species alone is unlikely to result in extinction because of escalating costs involved in finding increasingly rare individuals of a declining species. However, a recently proposed hypothesis, the Anthropogenic Allee Effect (AAE), proposes that if people place disproportionate value on rare species, this may result in a cycle whereby increased exploitation reduces the population size, thus increasing its value and ultimately leading to its extinction in the wild. We tested this hypothesis using data collected on wild harvests, preferences of pet keepers and sale prices of different populations of green pythons (Morelia viridis) and hypothesized that the AAE could occur among population within species, not just between them. The rarity of populations of green pythons was strongly positively correlated with price and negatively correlated with harvest levels. The two populations that were deemed most desirable by pet collectors exhibited abnormal coloration and were found to be suffering from the effects of over-exploitation for the pet trade. Adequate regulation and enforcement are needed to reduce the effects of demand on illegal harvesting and conservationists and government bodies should be aware of the effects of disclosing the rarity of a species and its populations.     

Population aging,the costs of health care for the elderly and growth

Employing an overlapping-generations model with endogenous growth in which altruistic young agents take care of the health level of their aged parents at risk of illness, this paper examines how population aging influences the long-run growth rate of the economy. We show that life expectancy, when relatively low (high), positively (negatively) affects economic growth. This paper also investigates public policy on long-term care and demonstrates the existence of an intergenerational conflict between current and future generations. We also point out that population aging may mitigate the extent of this conflict.     

Voting with your feet: Political competition and internal migration in the United States

Do people “vote with their feet” in response to a lack of political competition? Since political competition is associated with higher growth and welfare, with the free movement of labour, we argue that it should also encourage inward migration. We test this hypothesis by using data from the US and find a strong positive relation between political competition and net migration. This result is robust to alternative specifications, alternative samples and addressing endogeneity using the Voting Rights Act to instrument for political competition. The effect is economically large, specifically, we find that an increase in political competition in the order of magnitude observed in US Southern states during the post-war period leads to an increase in net migration by between 27 and 44 individuals per 1000 population.     

管理层权力配置下上市公司创新决策动因研究

选取2013—2016年我国民营上市公司经营数据作为研究样本，基于管理层权力配置视角探索企业创新决策动因及其规律性，结果表明：①基于研发与营销的职能区别，随着管理层权力配置程度增加，技术创新和市场创新两类创新行为的决策倾向呈现差异化演变，具体表现为管理层权力与技术创新行为正相关，与市场创新行为负相关；②公司成长状态对管理层权力与技术创新行为的关系具有显著调节作用，具体表现为：公司经营风险水平较高时，管理层权力对技术创新行为的促进作用会被弱化，公司盈利能力较强时，管理层权力对技术创新行为的促进作用会被强化；③公司成长状态对管理层权力与市场创新行为关系的调节作用不显著，即管理层权力对创新行为的影响机理不会因公司经营风险水平和盈利水平的差异而发生改变。     

Liquidity risk, economic development, and the effects of monetary policy

Empirical evidence indicates that monetary policy is not super-neutral in many countries. In particular, in high inflation economies, inflation is negatively related to economic activity. By comparison, inflation may be positively correlated with output in low inflation countries. We present a neoclassical growth model with money in which the incidence of liquidity risk is inversely related to aggregate capital formation. Interestingly, there may be multiple monetary steady-states where the effects of monetary policy vary. In poor economies, the financial system is highly distorted and higher rates of money growth are associated with less capital formation. In contrast, in advanced economies, a Tobin effect is observed. Since inflation exacerbates distortions from a coordination failure in the low-capital steady-state, individuals become much more exposed to liquidity risk. Consequently, optimal monetary policy depends on the level of development.