“热钱”通过个人外汇渠道流入的特点及成因分析

改革开放以来,我国已深度融入全球经济,大规模的跨境贸易、投资和个人活动,使跨境外汇收支急剧增长,跨境资本流动频率加快,形势越来越复杂,随之,出现了＂热钱＂等违法套利资金。＂热钱＂的出现,     

利率平价并非我国货币政策之锚

跨境资本流动一直未曾离开公众视野。显然．跨境资本流动中的所谓热钱是最需要关注的。在这一问题上，很多人注意到．热钱正在加速涌入中国．但较少人注意到．这一现象构成了一个理论悖论。     

汇率波动、跨境资本流动对金融风险的动态冲击影响——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

当前我国经济增长放缓,国际经济复苏仍未达到预期,全球各主要经济体的失衡加剧了全球金融不稳定程度,汇率波动幅度、跨境资本流动规模的逐渐增加,对我国金融稳定状况产生极大影响.本文运用结构式向量自回归(SVAR)模型进行脉冲响应函数实证分析,研究汇率波动、跨境资本流动对金融风险的动态冲击影响.实证结果表明,汇率波动、跨境资本流动通过直接和间接两种方式对金融风险状况产生影响.在当前我国经济发展的阶段,汇率贬值在初期会一定程度改善金融风险状况,而贬值持续时间过长则会形成不良的贬值预期,促使本国的金融风险状况恶化.跨境资本流动尤其是热钱规模越大,金融风险指数越大,本国的金融不稳定程度随之增加.总体而言,汇率波动、跨境资本流动的增大,极易恶化本国的国际收支和金融稳定状况,严重时甚至会引发金融危机.     

我国长短期跨境资金流动的影响因素及实证分析

跨境资金流动是指一个经济体资金流出与流入的状况，参照金德尔伯格（1985）对国际短期资本流动的定义，可以把跨境资金流动划分为：贸易性、转移性、生产性和金融性。其中，贸易性跨境资金流动是指由货物和服务贸易而产生的跨境资金流动；转移性跨境资金流动是指资金单向的转移，不涉及归还或偿还；生产性跨境资金流动是指通过投资实体经济，获取长期股权投资、债权投资、贷款收益等；金融性跨境资金流动是指包括套利性、保值性、投机性在内的短期资本流动，即俗称的“热钱”。     

构建跨境资本流动风险的应急机制

跨境资本的异常流动可能会对一国的经济、金融产生巨大的冲击,甚至导致金融危机.构建相应的应急机制有利于降低资本流动带来的风险和冲击.我国自加入WTO以来,特别是在人民币升值预期依然强烈的背景下,资本流入规模猛增,异常资本流动显著加快,构建跨境资本流动风险的应急机制,已成为当务之急.本文在分析我国资本流动的特征和跨境资本异常流动引发的系统风险的基础上,构建出包括预警机制、防范机制和处置机制在内的应对跨境资本流动风险的应急机制.     

关于完善跨境资金流动监测机制的探讨

当前,国际国内经济形式更加错综复杂,跨境资金流动的不确定性增加,在控流入的基础上,防范跨境资金流出风险,建立跨境资金双向流动监测机制尤为重要。本文从政策完善和银行管理两个方面就如何完善跨境资金流动监测机制进行探索。一、弥补外汇监管政策漏洞面对日益复杂的国际国内经济形势,国际资本流动日益频繁,而大规模的国际资本流动或将对一国经济带来冲击,只有对跨境资金流动有效监管,才能防范国际资本流动对我国经济带来的冲击,特别是在目前经常项目完全可兑换,资本项目也在逐步放开的形势下,必须进一步健全外汇管理制度,及时调整与制定相关政策,才能从根本上严防异常资金流动。(一)当前外汇监管的政策漏洞     

后疫情时代我国跨境资金流动宏观审慎管理研究——基于巴西跨境资金宏观审慎管理的经验

随着我国经济金融开放程度显著提高,特别是新冠疫情全球蔓延进一步冲击国际资本市场,我国跨境资金流动双向波动加剧,对宏观审慎管理提出了更高的要求。本文总结了巴西跨境资金流动宏观审慎管理经验,分析了后疫情时代我国跨境资本流动特点及趋势,并结合巴西经验提出了完善我国跨境资本流动宏观审慎管理的建议。     

全息解码热钱

在中国经济广泛而深入地融入全球经济和贸易活动的背景下，国际资本看好中国市场和发展前景，试图进入境内，从中国快速增长的经济中分得一杯羹。其中也不乏部分短期投机性质的套利资本混入，即人们俗称的“热钱”。国家外汇管理局易纲局长明确指出：“我国跨境资金的流动大部分是合法合规的，是合理的，是在我国国际收支平衡表中可以解释的。”但由于热钱“劣迹斑斑”，舆论对热钱的担忧与对国家经济金融安全的关注仍与日俱增。     

防范国际热钱利用跨境人民币业务渠道流动的对策建议

2009年以来,我国开始在对外贸易和投资中推行使用人民币进行计价和结算,以提升人民币在全球经济中的影响力,增强我国企业在国际贸易中的话语权,助推经济发展,提升对外开放水平。跨境贸易人民币结算业务的推出,在便利对外贸易和投资的同时,也可能成为国际热钱跨境流动的可能渠道。本文阐述了热钱跨境流动相关理论,分析了国际热钱借道跨境贸易人民币结算业务的可能性渠道,提出了防范国际热钱利用跨境贸易人民币结算业务进入境内的对策建议。     

防范国际热钱利用跨境人民币业务渠道流动的对策建议

2009年以来,我国开始在对外贸易和投资中推行使用人民币进行计价和结算,以提升人民币在全球经济中的影响力,增强我国企业在国际贸易中的话语权,助推经济发展,提升对外开放水平。跨境贸易人民币结算业务的推出,在便利对外贸易和投资的同时,也可能成为国际热钱跨境流动的可能渠道。本文阐述了热钱跨境流动相关理论,分析了国际热钱借道跨境贸易人民币结算业务的可能性渠道,提出了防范国际热钱利用跨境贸易人民币结算业务进入境内的对策建议。     

币值低估和投机性资本流入的演化模型

利用演化博弈模型分析了在币值低估和预期升值条件下,投机性资本流入的演化路径和均衡结构。研究表明：在确定性演化博弈中,投机性资本流入存在着两个均衡,即少数投机者选择投机或者全部投机者都选择投机,这些均衡依赖于其初始状态和收益函数;在随机性演化博弈中,只要存在尝试调整策略的学习过程,即使尝试调整的概率趋向于零,投机性资本流入的演化结果最终都只会收敛于一个长期均衡,并且这一均衡与经济基础密切相关。     

Hot Money and Business Cycle Volatility: Evidence from Selected ASEAN Countries

This study investigates the linkage between speculative capital and business cycles in Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore from 1981:Q1 to 2012:Q4. We use the multivariate Markov-switching intercept autoregressive heteroskedasticity vector autoregressive (MSIAH-VAR) model and observe that while speculative shocks during the tranquil period temporarily promoted Malaysia’s economic growth, they temporarily damaged economic growth in Thailand and Singapore. Moreover, speculative capital flows from abroad exacerbated economic volatility and damaged economic growth prospects for all these countries during the crisis period. Thus, it may be important for policymakers to take appropriate actions against the potential risk of economic instability and market volatility from speculative capital.     

“热钱”流入中国的套利机制及其防范

目前在人民币升值预期较强的条件下,投机资本早已把目光投向中国市场,大量的投机资本流入中国,加剧了通货膨胀的压力,影响中国金融的稳定。本文主要分析了投机资本流入的原因、套利机制原理、热钱流入的影响,并重点考察了通过外汇贷款套利和通过港币套利的机制。最后本文提出了投机资本管理和防范的政策建议。     

Accounting for Risk and Return in Equity Valuation

Standard valuation models forecast cash flows or earnings, add a growth rate, and discount the cash flows to their present value with a discount rate that typically reflects the cost of capital. But as the author argues, projecting the long‐term growth rate is essentially speculative; and along with uncertainty about the growth rate, analysts generally do not have a good grasp of the discount rate either. Thus, instead of reducing uncertainty, these two features effectively compound uncertainty in valuations in the sense that slight changes in the growth rate or discount rate can change the valuation considerably. In this article, the author proposes an alternative approach that views the investor's problem as one of challenging the speculations that are built into the current market price, particularly the speculation about growth. Rather than building in a speculative growth rate (and thereby treating it as if it were a certainty), the author's approach turns the problem on its head by using an accounting analysis of the firm's current earnings and cash flows that provides a basis for recognizing the speculative component of the current stock price. More specifically, the author's analysis identifies the future earnings growth path that is implied by the market price, which can then be evaluated with the question: Do I want to pay for this growth? Because growth expectations are risky, additional analysis can be used to provide an understanding of the risk and return to buying growth, and of the upside and downside if risk growth expectations are not realized. By taking such an approach, investors incorporate their understanding of risk not by increasing the discount rate, but by recognizing that the primary risk in investing is the risk of overpaying for growth.     

关于境外投机资金流入问题的研究

近年来,由于我国经济的快速发展、人民币升值预期和人民币利率高于外币利率等因素的影响,境外投机资金正通过各种渠道流入境内,而且呈现加速上升趋势.本文试对境外投机资金流入的现状、主要渠道以及境外投机资金流入对国内经济金融的负面影响进行深入分析和探讨,并在此基础上寻求相应对策.     

Shareholder governance, bondholder governance, and managerial risk-taking

We examine the relation between the overall corporate governance structure and managerial risk-taking behavior. We find that the overall governance structure has a significant impact on how managers make decisions on investment policy: strong bondholder governance motivates more low-risk investments such as capital expenditure and lower high-risk investments such as R&D expenditures, whereas weak shareholder governance (entrenched managers) leads to more R&D expenditures. Moreover, we find that the effects of governance on investment policy differ significantly between speculative and investment-grade firms. For speculative firms, strong bondholder or shareholder governance leads to more capital expenditures and low R&D investments. For investment-grade firms, strong bondholder or shareholder governance leads to low capital expenditures and an insignificant impact on R&D investments. Furthermore, financing and investment covenants exhibit strong binding power to deter risky investments. Finally, a more dependent (or a less independent) board is associated with low capital expenditures and high R&D investments.     

国际投机资本冲击风险预警指标体系的构建

在全球金融危机的背景下,国际投机资本的频繁流动严重影响了我国经济的稳定性.通过选取1996～2007年能够反映我国经济面临风险的12个指标,确定各自的权重,用KLR信号分析法实证论述近年来我国的风险变化情况,找出影响风险变化的重要指标.研究发现,国际投机资本这一潜在的危险正在加重,因此,可以在利用风险预警机制的同时加强对跨境资本流动的监管,以保证国民经济的均衡发展.     

Optimal stock trading with personal taxes: Implications for prices and the abnormal January returns

The tax law confers upon the investor a timing option - to realize capital losses and defer capital gains. With the tax rate on long term gains and losses being about half the short term rate, the law provides a second timing option - to realize losses short term and gains long term, if at all. Our theory and simulation over the 1962–1977 period establish that taxable investors should realize long term gains in high variance stocks and repurchase stock in order to realize potential future losses short term. Tax trading does not explain the small-firm anomaly but predicts a seasonal pattern in trading volume which maps into a seasonal pattern in stock prices, the January anomaly, only if investors are irrational or ignorant of the price seasonality.     

Long‐Term Return Reversals: Overreaction or Taxes?

Long‐term reversals in U.S. stock returns are better explained as the rational reactions of investors to locked‐in capital gains than an irrational overreaction to news. Predictors of returns based on the overreaction hypothesis have no power, while those that measure locked‐in capital gains do, completely subsuming past returns measures that are traditionally used to predict long‐term returns. In data from Hong Kong, where investment income is not taxed, reversals are nonexistent, and returns are not forecastable either by traditional measures or by measures based on the capital gains lock‐in hypothesis that successfully predict U.S. returns.