营改增背景下企业税收遵从成本研究

党的十八大提出了进一步优化政府行政改革的进度,强化工作理念的完善,不断提高政府廉政建设,提高政府的工作效率,逐步建立起人民满意的服务型政府。营改増后税收遵从成本影响因素发生了变化,税制因素更为复杂,税法环境趋向严格,征管衔接不畅。按照中央的整体工作部署,税务部门应不断地优化税收征收管理和规范纳税行为,转变税务机关的服务工作的理念,提高纳税服务管理的工作质量,推动纳税服务工作的全面发展,进而为纳税人提供更为高效和优质的纳税服务,提高纳税人对税务机关的满意度。     

Compliance and the Illusion of Ethical Progress

It has become common for business practitioners and management scholars to distinguish between compliance and ethics. According to the conventional distinction as expressed in Paine’s formulation of Integrity Strategy, compliance is ordinarily a necessary but insufficient condition for ethics. Now that this distinction has been institutionalized in the most significant judicial, legislative, and regulatory developments in American business conduct management since the Enron failure, it is worth asking whether the current emphasis on ethics represents progress. Does it make logical and practical sense to impose ethics as a compliance requirement, or have we come full circle? I argue that assertions of organizational ethical progress, usually involving an increase in the number and or severity of compliance restrictions, do not get the conventional distinction quite right. Moreover, under the consensus distinction, there can be no such thing as organizational ethical progress. However, our ordinary ways of talking about business conduct management often betray logical confusions about the ethics–compliance relationship. While the metaphors we employ – “higher standards,” “raising the bar,” “gray areas,” and “crossing the line,” etc. – perform a worthwhile function as standards for external evaluation of business conduct, they also have a tendency to limit and impoverish our conception of what it is to be ethical. The idea that ethics matters is fundamental to Integrity Strategy’s implicit claim, consistent with conventional wisdom and moral theory, that the objective of responsible conduct cannot be achieved solely by imposing from outside what is required but must also appeal to what is desired.     

Practitioners' Perceptions of Ethical Standards in Marketing

Public interest in ethics is becoming increasingly important to marketing practitioners and the marketing profession. Attitudes among practitioners vary about the role of ethnics in marketing today; ethical considerations in marketing practices; and the role of organizational or corporate codes of ethics. This study reports the results of a survey conducted to investigate how marketing practitioners feel about these issues.     

Organizational Ethical Standards and Organizational Commitment

Organizations interested in employee ethics compliance face the problem of conflict between employee and organizational ethical standards. Socializing new employees is one way of assuring compliance. Important for longer term employees as well as new ones, however, is making those standards visible and then operable in the daily life of an organization. This study, conducted in one large organization, found that, depending on organizational level, awareness of an organization's ethical standards is predicted by managerial adherence to and organizational compliance with those standards and/or discussions with peers. Regardless of level, organizational commitment was predicted most strongly by managerial adherence to organizational standards. These findings have theoretical implications for the fields of business ethics, organizational identity and organizational socialization and practical implications for the implementation of ethics policies.     

通过企业所得税提高海关估价的合规性

海关可以通过企业所得税的税基来间接核实申报价格。以企业所得税作为工具来保证海关估价的合规性,乃是基于这样的假设：两个税种之间的估价规则有共同联系。以企业所得税为目的的进口货物估价被认定为＂存货成本＂。     

Ethical Standards in Advertising: A Worldwide Perspective

An empirical study indicates how close advertisers from all the continents have been from the natural law and other fundamental moral principles. In their professional activities, many advertisers assumed the philosophical relativism as the framework for fundamental concepts. The ethical problems have not been equated with objectivity and the realist approach is appointed as a solution.     

Deficiencies in the Code of Conduct: The AICPA Rhetoric Surrounding the Tax Return Preparation Outsourcing Disclosure Rules

In this article, we examine the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ (AICPA) efforts to conceal the offshoring of tax return preparation services by U.S. Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) through recommending an inadequate disclosure format for this type of work. We draw on Giddens’ theory of trust and expert systems, the professionalism literature, and Flyvbjerg’s concept of power to analyze the underlying agenda behind the revised ethics rulings (AICPA Ethics Ruling No. 112 under Rule 102, No. 12 under Rule 201, and No. 1 under Rule 301). Specifically, we examine (1) the AICPA leadership’s stated professional justifications for outsourcing and its recommended client disclosures, (2) risks associated with outsourcing tax return preparation work overseas and the trust issues that result, and (3) the resistance to the AICPA leadership’s recommended outsourcing disclosure rules within the rank and file of the CPA profession. We argue that our analysis reveals the AICPA’s on-going promotion of their private interests, thus continuing to raise systemic concerns regarding the public’s trust in the U.S. public accounting profession.     

所得税会计准则的国际比较

企业所得税是发达国家的主体税种,也是我国的重要税种。所得税会计作为现代税务会计的核心颇受各国重视。为了规范所得税的会计确认、计量与披露,国际上许多国家制定了所得税会计准则或会计制度。本文通过英国、美国、中国的所得税会计准则与国际会计准则的比较,揭示其相互之间的共性与主要差异,并对进一步完善我国的所得税会计准则提出相应建议。     

A Multidimensional Analysis of Tax Practitioners' Ethical Judgments

This study investigates professional tax practitioners' ethical judgments and behavioral intentions in cases involving client pressure to adopt aggressive reporting positions, an issue that has been identified as the most difficult ethical/moral problem facing public accounting practitioners. The multidimensional ethics scale (MES) was used to measure the extent to which a hypothetical behavior was consistent with five ethical philosophies (moral equity, contractualism, utilitarianism, relativism, and egoism). Responses from a sample of 67 tax professionals supported the existence of all dimensions of the MES other than egoism. Regressions of ethical judgments and behavioral intentions on the MES dimensions indicate that ethical decision making is most heavily influenced by the moral equity dimension, followed by the contractualism dimension. In contrast, the utilitarianism and relativism dimensions were only related to ethical judgments and behavioral intentions in isolated instances.     

我国出口退税政策的鼓励效应

加世贸组织为我国外向型经济的发展提供了广阔的空间,也为国际贸易的开展创造了公平的国际环境。现行的出口退税政策作为开放经济条件之下出口鼓励的重要内容,也就被赋予新的意义。数据显示,1985年至2001年,我国出口增长了27.2倍多,而用于退税的税式支出增长了17.8倍。基于滞后一期的时间序列数据,本文研究了出口和出口退税之间的相互关系,量化了退税政策的出口鼓励效应,并给出了数量分析结果的政策意义。     

Ethics and Equity: Enforcing Ethical Standards in Commercial Relationships

Lawyers and the legal system have been much criticized in recent years. Despite popular perceptions, the legal system contains numerous mechanisms and rules designed to ensure fair results. This paper shows how the legal system tries to implement, in commercial transactions, the ethical principles of truthfulness and fairness. The Anglo-American development of Equity Courts is reviewed briefly. Several examples of the Law's enforcement of ethical principles are presented, in four different legal areas: Contracts, Securities, Goods, and Real Estate. The intent here is to present an overview of the problem, with area-specific illustrations, rather than a comprehenisve examination of the cases in just one area.     

税收遵从的理论模型与政策引申——基于对Allingham-Sandmo框架的考察

本文考察了Allingham-Sandmo模型的基本框架,并在扩展其假设条件的基础上探讨了纳税人与税务机关之间的相互影响和作用。委托—代理模型的结果表明,在受到稽查的范围内,高收入纳税人的申报收入将处于或接近界定稽查分隔点的临界值;相反,在博弈理论模型的序贯博弈状态下,很多受到稽查的纳税人的申报都是不诚实的。稽查概率的确定、稽查策略的选择和处罚力度等要素对模型的结果具有重要影响。     

税收征管、纳税遵从与税收优惠——对金税三期工程的政策效应评估

金税三期工程(以下简称“金三”)是提高税收征管能力的重要举措。本文基于全国税收调查数据,采用双重差分和三重差分评估了“金三”的政策效果,结果表明:(1)“金三”显著提高了纳税遵从度,促进了“应收尽收”;(2)“金三”促进了税收优惠政策的落实,提高了企业税收优惠政策的享受比例,促进了“应享尽享”;(3)虽然提高纳税遵从会使一部分税收不遵从企业实际税负上升,但促进税收优惠政策落实能够使更多符合条件的企业减轻税负,在两者的作用下,“金三”没有对企业总体税负产生显著影响。本文的研究论证了“金三”的双重效应,一方面优化信息系统,提高纳税遵从度,另一方面提升纳税服务质量,促进税收优惠政策的落实。     

投资性房地产会计处理探析及财税差异

<正>一、准则中应注意的几点问题(一)新准则规定:投资性房地产包括已出租的土地使用权、持有并准备增值后转让的土地使用权、已出租的建筑物。投资性房地产的目的就是要赚取租金或资本增值,这是与存货、固定资产和无形资产相区别的关键点。     

税收、会计监管与企业会计准则执行——以上市公司向上盈余管理为例

本文以期望效用理论和行为博弈论为指导,采取逻辑实证的方法分析了税收制度和会计监管对企业会计准则执行策略选择的作用原理,讨论了税收对会计监管效率的影响机理,解释了我国税收制度、会计监管效率对上市公司会计舞弊的弱约束作用。在此基础上提出如何在新会计准则实施过程中提高税收与会计监管协同作用的几点建议。     

Ethical Standards and Ideology Among Korean Public Relations Practitioners

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Korean public relations practitioners' perceptions toward ethical issues, individual practices, and ethical standards in the context of ethical ideology. The survey was conducted with the Korean public relations practitioners. A 2 (Relativism: High/Low) × 2 (Idealism: High/Low) factorial design was devised for the analysis.The MANOVA results showed that ethical ideology (idealism and relativism) had significant effects on ethical decision-making. Idealistic ideology had a main effect on ethical issues, individual practices, and ethical standards. However, relativistic ideology only affected the decision-making process related to ethical issues. No interaction effects were detected. This study indicated that the individual's ethical ideology could be an important variable in explaining the outcomes of the individual's ethical decision-making among Korean public relations practitioners.     

Rationality Versus Emotions: The Case of Tax Ethics and Compliance

Businesses that rely heavily on cash transactions have been found to be particularly susceptible to low tax ethics. Recent research indicates that cash is a highly powerful and tempting reward, which elicits a strong emotional response. In this article, we investigate how emotions affect tax ethics in a series of experimental studies. Specifically, we show that affective priming and the ease with which tax information is retrieved moderate tax ethics. We also show that the relative effectiveness of deterrence, such as audit probabilities and tax fines, is moderated by affect. These results point toward a complex picture of tax ethics, requiring a multifaceted policy approach that emphasizes not only enforcement, but also cognitive and affective aspects of human behavior.     

论增值税税务筹划

增值税既能有效地保证政府财政收入,又具有税收中性的特征,越来越为世界各国普遍采用.虽然增值税是价外税,但由于税负转嫁的不完全性等因素,出于企业合法利益最大化的目的,其税务筹划具有必要性和可行性.纳税人身份的选择空间、增值税税收优惠政策和销售方式的选择规定等,给纳税人进行增值税税务筹划提供了客观条件和空间.纳税人可以根据法律的有关规定,通过对投资、经营、理财活动的事先筹划和安排,满足税收优惠政策的适用条件,尽可能取得节税的税收收益.     

Tax Practitioners' Ethical Sensitivity: A Model and Empirical Examination

Ethical sensitivity triggers the entire ethical decision-making process (i.e., recognition of ethical content in work situations). In this article, five factors are examined that affect tax practitioners' professional ethical sensitivity. The five factors that were examined include role conflict, role ambiguity, job satisfaction, professional commitment, and ethical orientation. Ethical content in work situations is examined in relation to professional ethics as enumerated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant's (AICPA) Statements on Responsibilities in Tax Practice (SRTP). Utilizing Hunt and Vitell's (1986, 1993) General Theory of Ethics, a model of ethical sensitivity was constructed and empirically tested. Role conflict negatively and job satisfaction positively influenced tax practitioners' ethical sensitivity. Also, the covariates of the tax practitioner's professional risk level and type of employer were found to be significant. The significant factors are job specific. The tax firm may have the best opportunity to positively change a tax practitioner's ethical recognition abilities. Professional accounting organizations may need to evaluate if resources should be used to formulate, maintain, and publicize codes of conduct because of the lack of significance of professional commitment.