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1.
黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力转移问题的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
黑龙江省是个农业大省，土地资源相对丰富，但农民生活并不十分富裕。近几年，农村剩余劳动力大量出现。如何有效解决他们的转移问题依旧未能很好地解决，在客观分析黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力现状特点的基础上．提出了实现黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力有效转移的出路，力求实现现阶段农村刺余劳动力平稳、有序、科学、健康地转移。  相似文献   

2.
    
This article is focused on the political economy of two of Africa's “labour reserve” regions, northern Ghana and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The majority of residents in these regions are taken as paradigmatic examples of “surplus populations.” They exemplify a main feature that has been used to theorize the concept of surplus populations today, namely, that their labour is surplus to the needs of capital accumulation. We follow the method of Arrighi and Piselli, tracing the political economic transformations of these regions from the turn of the 20th century until the present in order to ground the concept of surplus population in a specific historical context. We argue that it is limiting to think about these populations' utility or uselessness only in relation to capital. To understand the political implications of “surplus populations,” we must think about the interrelation between the political and economic roles that they play and how these developed within specific historical contexts.  相似文献   

3.
    
Exploiting the labour of other people has historically been one of the main strategies to tackle the biophysical tension that always exists between the satisfaction of human needs and the labour required to fulfil them. Based on the insights of ecological, feminist, and Marxist economics, we disentangle the exploitation of the labour of women and labouring poor through a novel methodology that integrates energy, material, time, and cash balances. We apply it to the sociometabolic flows between household units endowed with different land and livestock resources in a traditional rural community in Catalonia (Spain) in the mid‐19th century. The results show that land and livestock hoarding led to a process of accumulation through dispossession that increased the exploitative relationships through the labour market, which in turn relied on the patriarchal division of labour between men and women at home. Our estimates of energy labour surplus reveal that male wages represented 88% of the equivalent consumption basket that would have been obtained by carrying out the same amount of labour on land of one's own. However, in the case of female wages, the percentage was 54%. This shows that wage labour incorporated a significant amount of unpaid domestic family labour.  相似文献   

4.
    
The incidence of diverse forms of surplus – fixed rents, share rents, profits from direct cultivation and labour rents – remains a conundrum in the study of agrarian organization. The article presents a theoretical account of the form of rent when a dominant landowner faces landowning peasants. From a purely economic standpoint, the surplus-maximizing choice among forms is shown to be contingent not only on their incentive and labour-process characteristics but also on land inequality and labour productivity. By incorporating the difficulty of extracting effort from hired labour as a fixed parameter, political and ideological factors are accommodated as independent additional determinants of the form of agrarian organization. When there is also a class of landless labourers, sharecropping or labour-tying may prove superior to wage-leadership as a form of tacit collusion among dominant and subordinate landowners. Some of these forms of rent extraction are also shown to restrict the monopolist's incentive to adopt technical improvements.  相似文献   

5.
    
In the past few decades, there has been a renewed interest by feminist scholars in social reproduction. Global South scholars have argued that in agrarian societies of the global South that are marked by a high prevalence of surplus population, social reproduction is largely the responsibility of households, facilitated through unpaid gendered labour that is mostly performed by women. In this article, I draw from the Mhlopheni case of former labour tenants who were evicted and later re-claimed their land in South Africa to demonstrate the centrality of land in social reproduction. I argue that three processes are important and aid social reproduction: (i) land redistribution to the dispossessed, (ii) socially embedded tenure arrangements and (iii) unpaid gendered labour within households which is largely performed by women. These three processes reinforce each other. It is not just land that is crucial for social reproduction, but how that land is used, controlled, accessed and held, and the gendered labour required to turn resources into consumable goods that enable people to live. To support my argument, I draw on empirical evidence collected between 2020 and 2022 where I conducted 56 in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions and a survey of 32 households.  相似文献   

6.
文章简述了国内外关于小矿山的定义 ;分析了国内外手工和小规模矿山的两难选择及我国小矿山问题产生的根本原因 ;重点介绍了国外成功改造手工及小规模采矿的经验 ;最后就如何治理和改造我国手工及小规模采矿提出以下政策建议 :( 1)建立解决采矿利益争端的法律机制 ;( 2 )简化登记、报告和批准程序 ;( 3 )为小矿山建立保留区 ,给予其合理发展的空间 ;( 4 )执行财税鼓励措施促进其健康发展 ;( 5 )政府要维护公平合理的市场环境以保证小矿山采矿人得到公平的收益。  相似文献   

7.
    
In the literature on sustainability of agriculture, both labourers and workers are conspicuously absent. Here, the sustainability of agriculture has been defined in terms of whether the farm household in question is able to yield an energy surplus when its members and the animals in its possession are obtaining an adequate ‘energy income’ or Calorie intake. To evaluate the sustainability of 590 farming households in the state of West Bengal, India, during 2004–5, four progressively stricter definitions of sustainability have been proposed, defined and applied. The method of energy balance analysis was followed. A negative surplus was found to be near‐universal across size‐groups in terms of the net area sown (NAS), the gross cultivated area (GCA) and agro‐climatic zones. The threshold output for a non‐negative surplus during the cultivating period was 700,000 megajoules (MJ); in terms of the GCA for a positive ‘full and final’ annual surplus, it was 3 hectares, and in NAS terms it was 2.5 hectares; against NAS per household size, it was 0.6 hectares, for ensuring a positive surplus beyond the annual sustainability. No evidence could be found in favour of household size as an explanation for the negative surplus.  相似文献   

8.
我国天然气市场发展思路   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
我国天然气市场正处于发展期,具有区域分割性、消费结构不合理性、主体不明确性的特征。目前,影响我国天然气市场发展的主要因素是资源因素、基础设施因素、价格因素和政策法规因素。针对我国天然气市场发展的现状和问题,我国天然气市场的发展思路是:合理利用国内外两种资源;完善天然气管网系统建设;推进天然气定价机制改革;实现天然气行业有效监管;建立天然气行业相关法律体系。  相似文献   

9.
清代四川粮食亩产与农业劳动生产率研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
周邦君 《中国农史》2005,24(3):59-69
四川是全国著名的稻作区之一，清代四川粮食平均亩产约为222．58千克／市亩，平均每个成年农业劳动力一年约可生产原粮1423千克，可养活连其自身在内的4口人。18世纪中期，四川一个普通农民全年所得，大约表现为银13．04两，或钱10400余文。清代四川农民以“过密化”为代价，使粮食总产大幅度增长，而清末粮食亩产急剧下滑，折射出重大的社会危机。当时四川余粮、粮食消费、农村基本生活情况，与粮食亩产、劳动生产率紧密相关，并为后两者的合理估测提供佐证。  相似文献   

10.
市场经济的发展导致了断裂型二元结构矿业经济的产生。断裂型二元结构矿业经济主要表现在矿业经济在运行的体制机制、投资结构、生产效率和用工制度等方面,由于资源的集中和集聚,导致了资源的开发、投资和生产结构的变化造成了断裂型二元结构矿业经济的产生,优化这种结构必须采取尊重小矿存在的合理性并加强其自身建设、加强政府干预和管理,有序推进矿业整合、构建帮扶体系等系列措施。  相似文献   

11.
    
Over the last several years—in the context of US political upheaval, ongoing crises related to climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and an economic downturn—indigenous, Mexican-origin farmworker families in Washington State have engaged more intensely in class struggle through acts of solidarity and forms of collective action, in part through independent labour unions, worker cooperatives and mutual aid. This article chronicles the labour struggles that led to a notion of class rooted in family units of production and that strengthened transnational solidarity in resistance to racist forms of exploitation in the agricultural sector. Class organization rooted in family and solidarity has allowed indigenous agricultural workers in Washington State to face COVID-19 and incidents driven by climate change, which syndemically compounded existing community health crises, from a place of power. Focusing on the experience of farmworker families in Washington State, I outline agricultural employers' exploitation of workers during this period of increased vulnerability and the strength of farmworkers' resolve to take their health and well-being into their own hands.  相似文献   

12.
农业在耕地资源约束下,劳动生产率提高却造成了劳动力的大量富余。这些劳动力滞留于农村,不仅是一种资源浪费,不利于农业劳动生产率和农业劳动力报酬的提高,影响城乡经济系统的协调发展,而且会导致许多社会问题。通过分析农村劳动力向城市转移的积极和负面效应,指出农村劳动力向城市转移不仅是生产要素支配者追求报酬收益最大化的必然要求,同时也是实现城乡共同利益的需要。  相似文献   

13.
    
This paper is an attempt to catalogue and analyse the changes over two decades in the world of agricultural labourers in a backward region in India. It is primarily based on a series of field visits to two villages in Purnia district, located in the north-eastern part of Bihar. Changes in the living conditions of labourers are obviously connected to developments in the rural economy of the region and there are important linkages with developments elsewhere, including changes in the overall macro-economic policy regime. An attempt is made to trace these. Agricultural wage workers in the surveyed region are extremely poor by any reckoning, although a few of them have made some progress through state-sponsored programmes and migration. These developments have also contributed significantly to altering the relations of dominance and subordination, thus creating greater elbow-room for labourers. However, it is important not to overstate these small gains and there are serious doubts as to whether they can be sustained. It appears that some of the material correlates of labourers' well-being in the surveyed region are being affected adversely by the currently ascendant neoliberal policy regime. There are no signs of the emergence of mechanisms that might imply sustained significant improvements in the very fragile life and work conditions of these labourers.  相似文献   

14.
文章认为 ,在市场经济条件下 ,地勘单位职工应树立“竞争上岗意识” ,充实和发展新形势下的主人翁精神。对于如何树立“竞争上岗意识” ,文章提出了五个提倡和五个消除 ,即 :提倡改革意识 ,消除守旧意识 ;提倡竞争意识 ,消除等待意识 ;提倡效益意识 ,消除“大锅饭”意识 ;提倡法律保护意识 ,消除听人摆布意识 ;提倡素质意识 ,消除求人照顾意识。  相似文献   

15.
    
In Madhya Pradesh, India, rural migrant workers hired in flyover's construction yards experiment a space of work where the social practices relating to caste separation and hierarchy are temporally softened. This paper shows that these processes of conviviality, through mixing between castes and trans-communitarian work identities based on the hierarchies of labour, are taking part in the lower classes' long quest for less oppressive labour relations. Starting from the construction yard, and then going to the village, this paper shows that the labour relations involved in the circulation of rural migrants to the flyover construction yards are contributing to shaping their complex and flexible social consciousness in a context of slow reconfiguration of oppressive rural labour relations.  相似文献   

16.
Recent writing on migration in Southern Africa focuses on the experiences and desires of migrants themselves. While it gives valuable insights, this article argues that it can obscure the role of employers in structuring migration opportunities. In the case of female migrants from Lesotho working in South African agriculture, farmer demand has clearly impacted on the spectrum of both legal and illegal employment opportunities available, with the boundaries between legal and illegal migration appearing more porous than often imagined. The demand for foreign farm workers is complex and cannot be reduced to a simple story of wage differentials with local workers. The conclusion is that if we wish to understand migration flows, and particularly the use of immigrant labour in South African agriculture, we must retain an analytical role for employers' demand.  相似文献   

17.
    
Difficulty in labour supervision has been considered to be one of the obstacles to the development of capitalist agriculture. This paper presents two distinctive labour management strategies in China's large‐scale agriculture, which contribute to the development of agrarian capitalism in China. As shown in these cases, agribusiness companies engaged in grain crop production retreat from direct labour management by outsourcing crop cultivation, while acquiring profits from upstream and downstream activities. On the other hand, capitalist producers, who are involved in the labour‐intensive and capital‐intensive crop production, tend to mobilize local elites to manage the farmworkers. Although independent labour contracting services have not emerged, a specialized group of labour contractors is being cultivated. Rural social resources are utilized in labour recruitment and supervision to minimize the labour management costs in both strategies. However, the conflicts between capital and labour are covered or replaced instead of being settled.  相似文献   

18.
    
In Sierra Leone, migration to diamond fields and the development of cash crops have contributed to the increasing integration of the peasantry in the national and global economy. Based on the study of a small northern chiefdom, Sella Limba, we describe how the labour commodification have led to the perversion of “traditional” social relations based on anteriority, and to the break‐up of large domestic groups into smaller, more precarious ones. At the same time, manual agriculture has been marginalized by massive cheap rice imports and remained very low in capital intensity. In this context, we show how low labour productivity curtails opportunities for long‐term social and economic differentiation. Farmers combine “modern” and “traditional” social relations, developing hybrid accumulation strategies that are sometimes close to mere survival.  相似文献   

19.
    
In the Gang Canal region of Rajasthan, the cropping pattern changed from a labour intensive crop, cotton, to a mechanized crop, cluster beans. The shift in cropping pattern not only displaced workers from farm wage work but also brought changes in labour hiring contracts with large scale conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece-rate contracts. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from Gang Canal region, the paper examines the change in the agrarian relations in rural Rajasthan by analysing the emerging development in the rural labour relations. For piece-rate work in farm wage work in some parts of Rajasthan, the wage rate is unilaterally decided by the landlords and large capitalist farmers and is denoted as the ‘village rate’. The manual workers have negligible bargaining power vis-à-vis the village rate. The conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece-rate contracts has enhanced the duration of working day that involves a rise in the rate of surplus value. Access and availability of low wage labour facilitates the accumulation of capital. With the limited availability of employment in the non-farm sector (in both public and private sectors), workers are compelled to sell their labour power at wages that do not exceed the level of subsistence. The paper concludes with a brief examination of continuum of coercion and varied degree of unfreedom among worker in the village.  相似文献   

20.
在例举大量实际材料的基础上,从勘查技术劳务市场、矿业权市场、矿业资本市场三个方面,介绍了山东、福建两省商业性地质工作运行态势.东部地区勘查技术劳务市场初具规模,矿权运作形式多样,商业性勘查资金来源多渠道.  相似文献   

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