The Closing Frontier: Agrarian Change, Immigrants and the 'Squatter Menace' in Gokwe, 1980-1990s

‘Squatting’ in the communal areas of Zimbabwe has been largely ignored in the literature because it is assumed that it does not exist in a ‘communal’ land tenure system. This article argues that ‘squatting’ in Gokwe villages has become a common strategy by landless immigrants to access land. Gokwe has been a frontier region for many immigrants in search of land since the 1950s with intense pressure on land by the 1990s. As the frontier closed, the question of citizenship in Gokwe villages became more signi?cant than ever before. Those who are not formally registered as residents are de?ned by local government authorities and established villagers as ‘squatters’ who should be evicted. The article traces how local authorities and established villagers have responded to what they perceive as the ‘squatter menace’. It further examines the means used by ‘squatters’ to lay claims to land and to defend those claims in Gokwe villages.     

基于土地伦理的土地可持续利用

土地利用/覆被变化研究已成为全球环境变化和可持续发展领域的核心问题.人类在土地利用实践中折射出人与人、人与自然之间的伦理道德关系.土地伦理观是从以人类为中心的利已主义,转变为包括人类在内的人地共荣发展观.土地可持续利用伦理的原则主要包括公平原则、生态原则和健康原则.土地可持续利用伦理建设策略主要有:(1)树立生态意识、合理利用土地;(2)正确处理人地关系,实现土地资源的可持续开发和利用;(3)逐步完善土地法规.     

近十年来北京市住宅用地出让与空间演变研究

研究目的:揭示2001年以来北京市住宅用地出让的空间分布与动态演变,探讨增量住宅用地空间演变带来的城市土地利用方式的变化。研究方法:欧氏距离分析法,核密度估计法。研究结果:近郊区住宅用地出让所占比重下降、中心区和远郊区比重上升;住宅出让高集聚区主要分布于近郊大型居住区和旧城区,中、低集聚区主要分布于远郊新城和交通廊道沿线的乡镇;长安街以南地区住宅用地外延扩张较典型,以北内部填充式发展较明显。研究结论:新时期北京市住宅用地存在旧城区有机更新、近郊区内部填充式发展和远郊区分散组团式发展三种方式,并非简单的圈层式蔓延。     

浙江省1996 — 2005年土地利用变化分析

研究目的：依据浙江省土地概查、土地详查、土地变更调查、土地更新调查成果,分析不同时段土地利用状况,构建浙江省1996 — 2005年“土地利用转移矩阵”,分析各种地类变化情况,为土地利用总体规划修编和实施“以图管地”新机制提供决策依据。研究方法：文献分析法,实证分析法。研究结论：1996 — 2005年,浙江省农业结构调整、生态退耕、农田基础设施建设累计占耕地减少面积的59.39%,城乡居民点及独立工矿、交通、水利等建设占用耕地占37.65%。浙江省优质耕地与快速城市化区域在空间分布上高度重合,必须科学地编制与实施省、市、县、乡4级土地利用总体规划,协调保护耕地与保障城乡建设用地需求间的关系,调控土地利用方向。     

基于农地流转市场分析的区域土地利用变化研究--以上海市、南京市、泰州市农户调查为例

研究目的:基于农地流转的市场分析探讨区域土地利用变化的微观机理.研究方法:农户调查法和模型模拟法.研究结果:农地流转的驱动因子表现出一定的区域差异性;随着农地流转率的增加,农地利用变化率虽然在各地均表现出"凸"型非线性增加态势,但是在增加幅度上也表现出区域差异.研究结论:要进一步优化农地利用结构,可以从刺激农地流转的微观因子角度寻找突破口.     

A Redivided Land? New Agrarian Conflicts and Questions in Zimbabwe

The recent land invasions in Zimbabwe represent a profound and contradictory revolution in that country's agrarian social order, with implications that have already spilled over the borders of this small southern African country. A settler colonial heritage that tenaciously mapped land and tenure forms into unequal zones according to race is giving way to a more complex and spatially diversi ?ed con?guration of agrarian property forms and production strategies. Control over access to the means of violence has been devolved to ruling party loyalists, war veterans, army personnel, provincial administrators and local councillors, thus shifting the forms and functions of power exercised in the name of the state and the nation. ‘Resettlement’, ‘squatting:rsquo; and ‘farm invasions’ constitute morally charged alternatives in the lexicon of movement across tenurial boundaries. Contested rights to land and to movement are mediated through discourses of national and sub‐national belonging and exclusion, with commercial farm workers – deemed foreigners – the chief victims. The dramatic challenge that the invasions pose to private property, and to the rule of law more generally, suggest the possible collapse of large‐scale capitalist farming and the withdrawal of aid and foreign investment. Yet, at the same time, new forms of capitalist investment in transnational safari hunting and eco‐tourism continue to nibble away at the land base of the most peripheral of the old African reserves, facilitated by the romantic idealism of international conservation NGOs, and the aggressive disciplinary impulses of Rural District Councils. The same shifts in patterns of elite global consumption have led conservative white ranchers to take down fences in favour of wildlife conservancies organized around a coextensive commonage. These profound, if contradictory, transformations in Zimbabwe's agrarian social order are illuminated by a new generation of ethnographically grounded scholarship, the range of which is represented in the contributions to this special issue of the Journal of Agrarian Change.     

The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist 'Partial' Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980

This article, which is published in two parts, is an empirical analysis of the Chilean agrarian reform (1964–1973) and 'partial' counter-agrarian reform (1974–1980). Its aim is to explain and interpret their logic and the changes they brought to Chile's agrarian property regime in particular and Chilean life in general. Chile's agrarian reform was successful in expropriating (under the Frei and Allende administrations, 1964–1973) the great estates of the hacienda landed property system. The capitalist 'partial' counter-reform then redistributed them (under the military, 1974–1980). CORA, the country's agency for agrarian reform, expropriated and subsequently redistributed 5809 estates of almost 10 million hectares, or 59 per cent of Chile's agricultural farmland. A large amount of the expropriated land (41 per cent) benefited 54,000 peasant households with small-sized family farms and house-sites. The rest of the farmland benefited efficient and competitive commercial farmers and agro-business and consolidated medium-sized farms. Of central concern is the role of the agrarian reform and subsequent 'partial' counter-reform processes in fostering the transformation of the erstwhile agrarian structure of the hacienda system toward agrarian capitalism. The redistribution of the agricultural land previously expropriated made possible the formation of an agro-industrial bourgeoisie, small commercial farmers, an open land market and a dynamic agricultural sector. While, however, under military rule, a selected few benefited with family farms and became independent agricultural producers, a large majority of reformed and non-reformed campesinos were torn from the land to become non-propertied proletarians in a rapidly modernizing but highly exclusionary agricultural sector.     

The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist 'Partial' Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980

This article, which is published in two parts, is an empirical analysis of the Chilean agrarian reform (1964–1973) and 'partial' counter-agrarian reform (1974–1980). Its aim is to explain and interpret their logic and the changes they brought to Chile's agrarian property regime in particular and Chilean life in general. Chile's agrarian reform was successful in expropriating (under the Frei and Allende administrations, 1964–1973) the great estates of the hacienda landed property system. The capitalist 'partial' counter-reform then redistributed it (under the military, 1974–1980). CORA, the country's agency for agrarian reform, expropriated and subsequently redistributed 5809 estates of almost 10 million hectares, or 59 per cent of Chile's agricultural farmland. A large amount of the expropriated land (41 per cent) benefited 54,000 peasant households with small-sized family farms and house-sites. The rest of the farmland benefited efficient and competitive commercial farmers and agro-business and consolidated medium-sized farms. Of central concern is the role of the agrarian reform and subsequent 'partial' counter-reform processes in fostering the transformation of the erstwhile agrarian structure of the hacienda system toward agrarian capitalism. The redistribution of the agricultural land previously expropriated made possible the formation of an agro-industrial bourgeoisie, small commercial farmers, an open land market and a dynamic agricultural sector. While, however, under military rule, a selected few benefited with family farms and became independent agricultural producers, a large majority of reformed and non-reformed campesinos were torn from the land to become non-propertied proletarians in a rapidly modernizing but highly exclusionary agricultural sector.     

绍兴市土地利用时空变化研究

[目的]探讨经济发达地区土地利用变化时空规律,为城市发展提供合理土地利用政策,同时优化土地利用结构以支持经济可持续发展。[方法]通过遥感影像获取长时间序列的土地利用数据,探讨近30多年来绍兴市的土地利用变化,进一步利用土地利用动态变化模型,对绍兴市土地利用变化过程、趋势、变化轨迹进行了深入分析。[结果](1)绍兴市土地利用在1980~2000年相对稳定,在2000年后变化强度逐年增强,2005~2015年土地利用转化量增多和类型多样。绍兴市东北部平原和县区核心区域是经济发达地区土地利用变化的活跃区域,主要是其他类型土地向建设用地转移;(2)1980~2015年绍兴市土地利用变化轨迹主要受到人口增长和GDP增长的影响。[结论]城市化的发展和人口的迅速增长,使城市人口和土地面积迅速增加,造成城市边缘的农业用地转化成了建设用地。经济的发展、科技的进步及政府政策的制定,改变了人们的生活和工作方式,进而影响土地利用类型。     

平昌县土地利用动态变化分析

土地利用变化研究是生态环境变化研究的重要基础,也是规范人类行为的科学决策依据。随着人口的持续增长和社会经济的快速发展,平昌县土地利用发生了较大的变化。本文以平昌县2006~2010年土地利用统计资料为依据,利用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度模型、区域差异模型,对该县2006~2010年的土地利用动态变化状况进行了分析。分析结果表明：平昌县耕地、园地、林地、城乡建设用地、交通水利用地面积在增加,其他农用地、水域、自然保留地在减少;自然保留地和林地面积变化幅度相当大,变化面积分别为-2005.92hm2、937.96hm2;土地利用变化速度较快,年变化率达0.53%;土地利用程度较高,土地利用综合指数达245.18,土地利用处于发展时期;各乡镇土地利用变化区域差异显著。     

中国社会经济结构与土地利用结构变化的相关性分析

研究目的:从宏观角度研究中国土地利用结构与社会经济结构之间的相关关系。研究方法:采用典型多元相关分析与二元相关分析法相结合的方法,对1991—2001年间的社会经济结构变化与土地利用结构变化进行相关性分析。研究结果:建设用地比重与人口密度和经济密度呈正比,与人均粮食和第一产业在GDP中的比重成反比;耕地比重与人均粮食和第二产业在GDP中的比重呈正比;牧草地比重与经济密度和人均粮食成反比,上述相关性均达到了显著甚至极显著水平。研究结论:土地利用结构变化与社会经济结构变化之间存在一种必然的逻辑关系,利用这种相关关系,有助于加强土地在宏观调控中的作用。     

宜宾市土地利用变化分析

旨在分析宜宾市在研究时段内土地利用变化状况;确定土地利用的数量变化采用分级赋与指数法;在GIS支持下,利用各期现状图叠加分析和DEM模型分析确定空间变化;得出研究区域人类活动强烈,土地用途变化大的结论;应该优化土地利用结构和建立舍理的土地利用措施。     

论土地规划的环境影响评价

研究目的:<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>确立了中国的环境影响评价制度,作者为开展土地利用规划的环境影响评价提供参考.研究方法:文献资料综合分析法、借鉴已经开展的有关工作的经验与相关领域的研究成果的方法.研究结论:将LUPEIA分为LUOPEIA、LUSPEIA、LUPPEIA三个层次,初步构建了中国LUPEIA体系;提出了基于PSR框架、FAO相关文件及项目EIA的LUPEIA方法论,建立了基于PSR框架的地市级土地利用规划环境评价指标体系,讨论了FAO相关文件在LUPEIA的作用,将土地利用持续性评价归结为LUPEIA的主要内容,土地利用结构的调整与空间布局对环境的影响是LUPEIA的特色,美国国家环保局的BASINS工具对土地利用造成的流域水环境质量影响评价是值得借鉴的方法.     

论低碳经济与转变土地利用方式

研究目的:研究中国宏观经济对碳排放的影响,探讨基于低碳经济的土地利用方式转变措施。研究方法:文献资料法,因果分析法。研究结果:(1)中国粗放的经济增长方式、外向型的经济结构导致了高额的碳排放;(2)发展低碳经济必须转变地方政府的发展观念,重新构建政绩考核体系,逐步建立区域人居环境评价和公民福利指数评价体系;(3)现实中受强大的土地经济属性冲击,加之缺乏健全的产权制度和行政管理体制制约,土地的公共资源属性被全面抛弃。研究结论:建立以提高居民福祉、保护资源与环境为前提的发展观念,强化土地资源的公共属性,实施土地利用的碳排放指标评价,是发展低碳经济的基本要求。     

土地利用/覆被变化与土地利用优化调控

了解土地利用优化调控的内涵及基本模式,国内外土地利用和土地覆被变化的研究进展格趋势,对研究LUCC与我国土地利用调控的结合方式和途径具有重原意义。对此,本文作了系统的阐述并进行探讨。     

武汉市土地利用动态变化及其驱动因素分析

本文以武汉市区1996-2008年土地利用及其动态变化数据为基础,从时间和空间两个方面时武汉市的土地利用动态变化状况进行了分析,并就影响其变化的四个驱动因子进行了剖析,从而得到武汉市土地利用结构的变化情况,借此为促进武汉市和谐社会的发展提供了一定的参考意见.     

乡镇企业用地在征地中的产权问题探讨

从土地征收的视角出发,在对乡镇企业用地产权进行辨析界定的基础上,分析乡镇企业用地的所有权、使用权和地役权等方面的问题以及导致问题的原因,并提出了解决问题的对策与建议：严格区分征地类别,实现同地同权。