Choosing Brands: Fresh Produce versus Other Products

Assuming that brands contribute to quality risk reduction, prestige, and design, we derive and test hypothesis on the willingness to pay (WTP) for brands across different product categories (electronics, clothing, packaged food, and fresh produce). Using the random effect tobit model on the stated point value of WTP and the ordered probit model on the stated range of WTP, we find that WTP for brands of fresh produce is least among the four product categories controlling for relevant demographic variations. Simulations show that fresh produce has a higher optimal price premium for brands but with a much smaller market share.     

Genetically Modified Crops, Corporate Pricing Strategies, and Farmers' Adoption: The Case of Bt Cotton in Argentina

This article analyzes adoption and impacts of Bt cotton in Argentina against the background of monopoly pricing. Based on survey data, it is shown that the technology significantly reduces insecticide applications and increases yields; however, these advantages are curbed by the high price charged for genetically modified seeds. Using the contingent valuation method, it is shown that farmers' average willingness to pay is less than half the actual technology price. A lower price would not only increase benefits for growers, but could also multiply company profits, thus, resulting in a Pareto improvement. Implications of the sub-optimal pricing strategy are discussed.     

Estimating Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in the Presence of Item Nonresponse Bias

This article deals with the problem of item nonresponse in contingent valuation surveys using a payment-card method, by applying a grouped-data sample-selection estimation technique that is capable of imputing the missing values conditional upon a respondent's decision to answer a willingness-to-pay question. The advantage of the technique lies in its ability to utilize all of the information in the sample, permitting a more efficient estimation in the presence of item nonresponse bias. The major determinants of willingness to pay appear to be household income, number of children, education, perception of existing water quality, and identification with environmental issues.     

基于社会资本理论的农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素分析模型

从社会资本角度定量研究农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素,采用信任指数和互助指数对社会资本进行量化,结合开放式和二分式问卷格式,改进了获得农民灌溉水价支付意愿相关数据的引导技术,并采用多元线性回归方法建立了农民灌溉水价支付意愿影响因素定量分析模型。以皂河灌区为研究区域,通过问卷调查收集基础数据,采用提出的模型分析了各因素对农民灌溉水价支付意愿的影响情况。结果表明:社会资本是影响农民灌溉水价支付意愿的重要因素之一;农户主要劳动力人数、耕地面积、供水及时性、管水者工作能力等因素对农民灌溉水价支付意愿也具有显著影响。灌溉水价的改革,应重视农民社会资本并提高灌区供水服务水平等。     

Revealing Preferences for Leisure Time from Stated Preference Data

When consumer choice is constrained by time as well as money, willingness to pay can be defined with respect to either numeraire. The two measures can be related formally within a utility-consistent model of choice subject to two constraints. Furthermore, when information is collected on both, the respondent's marginal value of time can be identified. A system of willingness to pay time and money and the marginal value of leisure time is estimated jointly in an application to California whalewatching and whale stock enhancement. The empirical approach can be applied with only minor additions to survey techniques for nonmarket valuation.     

基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估

从城市河道改造的生态环境价值评估角度,分析了条件价值评估法(CVM)在城市河道改造生态环境价值评估中的应用原理和依据,构建了基于CVM的城市河道改造生态环境价值评估模型,并以上海市黄浦江加高堤防替代建闸方案为例对黄浦江河道改造的生态环境价值进行了评估。结果表明：期望均值法和三相定价法计算得到的总支付意愿分别为120.6亿元/a和118.5亿元/a,总受偿意愿为130.8亿元/a和151.2亿元/a,总受偿意愿与总支付意愿的比值大于1;仅从生态环境价值方面看,相对于加高堤防方案,民众更希望政府投资建闸。     

休闲农场非使用价值评估及支付意愿影响因素分析*——以千江月休闲农场为例

［目的］休闲农场的非使用价值是其总价值的重要内容,准确评估其非使用价值对于促进休闲农场的可持续发展具有重要意义。游客支付意愿的高低直接影响非使用价值的评估,探究游客支付意愿的影响因素对提高游客支付意愿具有重要意义。［方法］文章从游客认知因素,休闲农场自身软硬件条件等因素综合探究其对支付意愿的影响,并以千江月休闲农场为例进行实证分析,采用CVM方法评估其非使用价值并利用Logit模型分析支付意愿的影响因素。［结果］休闲农场年支付总额即休闲农场非使用价值估测在78868 24万～91461 04万元; 游客的认知程度对支付意愿影响显著,休闲农场的软件硬件环境因素也对游客的支付意愿产生显著影响。从影响效应来看,休闲农场住宿条件,以及认知因素中农场生态环境保护责任主体意识对游客支付意愿影响最大。最后,还提出了游客对不同意愿支付水平的临界标准。［结论］该文从提高公众认知度,改进农场软硬件条件以及重视个性化建设等方面提出政策建议。     

经济发达地区耕地非市场价值及居民支付意愿研究——以南京市为例

研究目的：以南京市为例,研究耕地的非市场价值及城乡居民支付意愿的影响因素。研究方法：条件价值法,计量模型。研究结果：（1）南京市耕地的非市场价值为504087.92万元,单价为20760.59元/hm2;（2）57.76%市民和60.32%的农民家庭愿意为耕地非市场价值付费,支付意愿分别为208.33元/户•a和120.26元/户•a;（3）家庭收支水平、年龄、性别、受教育状况、对耕地非市场价值的认知等是影响城乡居民支付意愿的重要因素。研究结论：受家庭支付能力及其在耕地非市场价值方面受到教育的影响,城乡居民对耕地非市场价值的支付意愿并不高。     

基于有效性改进的森林环境资源条件价值评估——以武夷山自然保护区为例

森林环境资源价值评估是实施生态效益补偿和绿色GDP核算的重要基础,对其进行科学合理的定价,将加快推动森林资源纳入环境经济一体化核算工作的进程。条件价值法(CVM)作为森林环境资源价值评估的一种直接方法,对于评估"非市场化产品或服务"的价值,特别是森林环境资源的社会价值具有重要意义。考虑到该类非使用价值的分量众多,实际核算时应先进行系统分类,然后逐一加以测算。本文正是在此基础上,通过森林环境资源的供求分析,采用开放式支付卡法作为CVM的引导技术,对武夷山自然保护区居民消费意愿进行实地调查,并结合Logistic模型、因子分析确定社会价值的具体构成。最后,根据非参数估计方法计算个人支付意愿,从而极大提高了研究结果的有效性。     

Willingness to Pay for Quality Labeled Meat in a Rural Area

The aim of this study is to identify consumer perceptions and attitudes toward quality labeled pork and beef using cross-sectional consumer data. Given the dramatic changes over the last years in the meat sector as a result of the recent food scares, the study can facilitate better communicating with consumers and gaining insight into their perceptions and behavior toward meat products. A consumer survey was conducted in the rural region of Thessaly in Greece in order to investigate (a) food quality perceptions, (b) attitudes toward pork and beef quality labels, and (c) intentions to purchase higher priced certified pork and beef. The findings suggest that sociodemographic and personal characteristics have an impact on consumer willingness to pay for such products and different market segments can be targeted by marketers and food policymakers.     

A meta-analysis of the willingness to pay for reductions in pesticide risk exposure

We review the empirical valuation literature on pesticide riskexposure and develop a taxonomy of environmental and human healthrisks associated with pesticide usage. Meta-analysis is thenused to investigate the variation in willingness to pay (WTP)estimates for reduced pesticide risk exposure. Our findingsshow that the WTP for reduced risk exposure is 15 per cent greaterfor medium, and 80 per cent greater for high risk levels, ascompared with low risk levels. The income elasticity of reducedpesticide risk exposure is generally not significantly differentfrom zero. Stated preference approaches based on choice experimentsand revealed preference provide lower WTP estimates than contingentvaluation techniques. Survey design, type of safety device (eco-labelling,integrated pest management, or bans) and chosen payment vehicleare important drivers of the valuation results.     

国内外水资源价值与价格研究综述

针对学术界在水资源价值与价格方面的理论探索及其实践应用,以及目前水价面临的主要挑战,系统整理并归纳了水资源价值研究进展,水资源定价方法和水资源计价方式的种类、适用范围,以及与价值理论相对应的定价模型。研究结果表明：目前对于水资源多元价值的研究仍处于初级阶段,对水资源多元价值的认识不足;现有定价研究大多从单一角度出发,难以全面涵盖水资源社会价值、市场经济价值以及生态经济综合价值,且单一的计价方式不利于节水目标的实现。未来需要开展多维度评估价值、多角度制定价格以及多种计价方式研究,加强水价改革中市场机制的引入,应特别关注发展较慢的农业水价综合改革,以实现水资源的可持续利用。     

基于Heckman模型的支付意愿及强度的影响因素研究——以大理州276个奶牛养殖户为例

[目的]农业非点源污染尤其是畜禽养殖业污染问题已成为我国亟需解决的环境问题之一。探讨农户参与畜禽养殖污染防控的支付意愿及支付强度,对政府制定相关政策具有指导性意义。[方法]基于大理州276个奶牛养殖户的调查数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型对农户参与洱海流域奶牛废弃物循环利用支付意愿及支付强度的影响因素进行了实证分析。[结果](1)62.68%的奶牛养殖户对参与奶牛废弃物的循环利用具有支付意愿;(2)户主受教育程度、家庭收入主要来源、奶牛养殖头数、耕地数量及牛粪还田方式等因素对奶农支付意愿的影响较为显著。其中,户主受教育程度、奶牛养殖头数、耕地规模及牛粪是否还田对奶农支付意愿的影响呈正相关,家庭收入主要来源呈负相关;而影响程度大小依次为:家庭收入主要来源牛粪是否还田户主受教育程度奶牛养殖头数耕地规模;(3)户主年龄、受教育程度和牛粪是否还田等因素对奶农的支付强度产生重要影响。其中,户主年龄对奶农支付意愿强度的影响呈负相关,而后两者表现为正相关。[结论]最后,提出了促进洱海流域奶牛废弃物循环利用的政策建议。     

中国马铃薯农户种植意愿及其空间差异

目的 探究不同区域农户马铃薯种植意愿的影响因素及其差别,能够提高农户种植马铃薯的能动性与积极性,为马铃薯主粮化进程提供决策参考。方法 文章基于1 261个农户样本调研,运用条件价值评估法和多元回归模型,从农户个体禀赋、生产经营、社会资源、市场认知、政策需求五个方面对农户支付与受偿意愿进行分析,在此基础上探讨影响马铃薯种植意愿的主要因素,再比较分析典型产区马铃薯种植影响因素。结果 马铃薯农户种植受偿意愿均值为4 069.5元/hm²,支付意愿均值为724.5元/hm²;马铃薯农户种植意愿受各项成本收益、农户受教育程度、家庭收入、社会资源、市场信息认知及政府补贴的影响较大;北方种植因素受规模和利润率的主导,南方更多受到家庭生产经营特征的综合影响。结论 个体决策影响群体决策,群体决策影响整体马铃薯种植空间格局变化。区域内农户采取基于种植约束、成本收益和政策支持的种植方案选择,通过有限区域范围的无限趋同决策,产生不同程度的种植集聚、产业集聚和市场集聚,进而影响马铃薯种植空间格局变化。     

公众参与森林生态建设主观意愿的影响因素分析——基于支付意愿研究视角

在参考现有成果中关于支付意愿相关研究的基础上,选择了公众心理感知层面的内在驱动因素(主观意愿)博弈自愿支付行为决策的视角,运用探索性因素分析(EFA)、验证性因素分析(CFA)方法对影响东北地区公众参与森林生态建设支付意愿的主观意愿影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:探索性主观意愿三因子模型(满意度、关注度、重视度)克伦巴赫系数为0.863;因子之间呈中高度相关,满意度与关注度、重视度呈负相关,与主观意愿总体呈正相关;主观意愿二阶潜变量结构方程模型路径系数分别为0.91、0.76、0.44,拟合优度指数GFI为0.997。