NATIONAL TELEVISION AND THE MARKET FOR LOCAL PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF BEER*

Information technology lowers the cost of distributing information to dispersed consumers. Because national firms reap larger benefits from new media than firms serving only local consumers, media innovations may reduce the market for local products. This paper considers the effect of television on the market for local beer. Using market‐level data on television penetration, local breweries and brewery production from 1945–1960, results show that increases in television penetration are associated with fewer local breweries and less local beer production. The results indicate that the industrial organization of media markets can affect the structure of markets for local products.     

Profitability and Media Advertising in Greek Food Manufacturing Industries

The effect of advertising intensity in four media(television, radio, newspapers and magazines) on profitability is examined in this paper. Aprofitability model is tested using a unique 1993–1996panel data set of 350 Greek food manufacturing firms.Fixed effects results for the full model show thatonly television advertising increases profitabilitysignificantly. The results for eight major foodcategories estimated separately show importantdifferences between consumer and producer groups;television advertising effects on profitability arepositive and significant only in the consumerindustries where television advertising intensity ishigh. These findings show that television is the onlymedia where persuasive advertising exists in Greekfood manufacturing firms.     

Deregulation of commercial TV in the USA: Control by government or market

Following the FCC's decision to partially deregulate radio, attention is now focusing on the possibility of television deregulation. The authors review the radio deregulation decision and apply similar criteria to television. Debate centres around government v marketplace control; the extent to which stations meet FCC standards for information, local and total non-entertainment programming; and, the effect of deregulation on provision of non-entertainment programming. The real question is when should deregulation take place. The authors suggest that the FCC and Congress should pave the way for deregulation by encouraging competition.     

Can open internet access be imposed upon European CATV networks?

Broadband over cable television networks has become a growing force on the retail market in the EU. Thus, a debate has always been raised whether cable television networks should also be subject to open internet access obligations as PSTN and fibre. This article aims to share its view from a legal perspective. In order to do so, it conducts a survey of the current regulatory measures on broadband over cable television networks within the 27 EU Member States, and then carries out an in-depth legal analysis on Member States that attempted to regulate broadband over cable television networks. The conclusion is that broadband over cable television networks is currently deregulated, and will probably remain so in the future.     

Interactive cable TV — three studies

The US National Science Foundation sponsored three major trials of interactive cable television. Reports evaluating these trials have been published, and edited versions of the Executive Summaries are presented here. Further information on the studies may be obtained from the research organizations.     

The characteristics of videos on demand for television programs and the determinants of their viewing patterns: Evidence from the Korean IPTV market

Korea's video-on-demand (VOD) market is led by pay TV service providers, especially internet protocol television (IPTV) service providers, and VODs for television programs (TV-VOD) represent the largest share of VOD in the country. TV-VOD is therefore of strategic importance to providers in terms of their current sales share and future growth. Focusing on the time-shift characteristics of TV-VOD and the serial complementarity of television programs, this study examines how various factors such as the characteristics of paid vs. free VOD services, and the average and variance of broadcast ratings affect VOD viewing patterns. An empirical analysis was conducted using data for TV-VODs of all television programs broadcast by major Korean broadcasters in 2015. The key findings are as follows: (1) There is an inverted-U shape relationship between broadcast ratings and TV-VOD views. This implies that there exists a positive window effect between the original broadcast and TV-VOD, with an exceptional substitution effect in segments with very high ratings. (2) Even if the average ratings are similar, there are more VOD views for programs that have a large fluctuation in ratings between episodes, mainly due to serial complementarity. (3) In terms of the distribution of VOD views over time, the initial concentration is higher in paid VOD packages and dramas, which implies that immediate decay appears for TV-VOD content because of subscriber preferences for novelty and the serial nature of drama shows. The study concludes with various implications for VOD service providers and policy makers.     

Satellite TV in Asia: Forming a new ecology

This paper examines the development of satellite television in the Asian countries and their policy change. It is found that many countries initially tended to forbid the reception of satellite television but, with the growth of satellite television, liberalization is on the way. In response to competition posed by satellite television, policy makers generally choose to deregulate their local television market in the hope that the quality of local television will improve through competition. The authors suggest that satellite television in Asia is likely to agglomerate the diverse markets into bigger cultural markets to gain the economy of scale. Satellite television will bring about a regional capitalist culture. Professional journalism modelled after the West may also grow. The general trend for Asia is towards further deregulation and greater openness.     

The diffusion of television advertising

This study is an empirical examination of the diffusion of the use of network television advertising by manufacturing firms. The results indicate that manufacturers of consumer goods were likely to make use of television advertising sooner than manufacturers of producer goods and that, among producers of consumer goods, those producing more easily differentiable products were likely to adopt sooner than those producing more standardized products. Manufacturers of products sold in larger geographic markets were found to adopt sooner than those producing products sold in smaller markets. Larger market share was also found to induce earlier adoption of television advertising.     

Industry self-regulation of food advertisement to children: Compliance versus effectiveness of the EU Pledge

This research examines the effectiveness of the EU Pledge, a self-regulation initiative of leading food companies at the European level, in restricting television advertising of food and drink products high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) to children. In October 2011 and 2014, television program of ten German television networks was recorded on a weekday and a weekend day. Data was analyzed using content and regression analysis. Advertised products were examined for their compliance with the nutrient criteria of the EU Pledge and the UK OFCOM nutrient profile model. The sample contains 88 h of advertising with a total of 697 child-targeted food and beverage advertising (CFBA). The results indicate that the number of CFBA broadcasted in television program declined from 2011 to 2014 for both Pledge signatory and non-signatory companies with an overall stronger reduction in children’s compared to non-children’s program. Our findings demonstrate that CFBA broadcasted in children’s program by Pledge members comply by and large with the EU Pledge nutritional criteria in 2014. However, in the same year the probability of CFBA aired by signatory companies in non-children’s program to meet the nutrient profile criteria of the EU Pledge was low. Furthermore, the majority of CFBA of signatory companies do not meet the OFCOM nutritional criteria even in the children’s program. Thus, the effectiveness of the EU Pledge in reducing children’s exposure to child-targeted advertising of HFSS foods and drinks is limited by the focus on children’s program and the relative lenient nutritional criteria agreed on by signatory companies. Based on our results we derive recommendations for industry and policy.     

COVID-19 and changes in content usage behavior: The case of South Korea

This study examines changes in content usage time due to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea using Korean Media Panel data for the period 2011–2020 and explores the reasons for these changes. This study focuses on four principal contents: television programs, movies/videos/user-created content, traditional telecommunication services, and chatting/messenger/social network services. The empirical results indicate an increase in usage time for the four principal contents, as well as total content usage time because of the pandemic. The results also show that average Korean people stayed longer at home after the onset of the pandemic, leading to an increase in the time spent on all the principal contents, except for traditional telecommunication services, as well as an increase in total content usage time. Furthermore, this study suggests that whereas the effect of the pandemic on television program viewing time was mainly attributable to changes in time spent at home because of the pandemic, the effect on other contents was mainly caused by non-location-related factors. This study predicts changes in content usage time after the end of the pandemic and provides strategic suggestions.     

The Increasing Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball

This paper explores the changing competitive balance in Major League Baseball through the relative-entropy measure of information theory. It is shown that while competitive balance in both leagues has been on an upward path during the 20th century, the path has had numerous detours that resulted from some on-the-field and some off-the-field changes that Major League Baseball has undergone during the past 75 years. The most important detours occurred in the wake of the Black Sox scandal of 1919, Jackie Robinson's breaking the color barrier and the concurrent spread of television and erosion of the minor leagues, franchise moves and major league expansion, and free agency.     

论传统文化对影视服装的影响

中国传统文化对影视服装有着深刻的影响,影视作品所蕴涵的传统文化和服装特色,表现在时代背景、服饰文化、民俗文化与影视文化及影视服装的人物特征塑造,突出了影视服装中传统文化的重要性。强调影视服装设计必须要以时代背景和大众审美情趣为依据,立足传统文化,融合时尚元素创新设计。     

基于中外影视剧字幕学习外语系统的研究与实践

利用影视字幕学习外语是一种很好的方式,也受外语学习者的喜爱,但观看时不自觉地就只顾情节,难以将注意力放在外语学习上,学习效果不佳。将计算机技术与外语自主学习有机整合,对影视字幕采集,利用基于中外影视剧字幕学习外语系统,根据需要以多种方式输出srt格式或Word文档,作为脚本保存下来或加载到视频中,影视与脚本相呼应,可以有效提高学习效率。     

Liberalization of telecommunications infrastructure and cable television networks: The European Commission's Green Paper

This paper reviews Parts I and II of the European Commission's Green Paper on the liberalization of telecommunications infrastructure and cable television networks. Part I is concerned with the basic principle and timetable to liberalization, and deals with the current regulatory situation and the expected benefits. The second part addresses particular issues arising out of infrastructure liberalization, le universal service, interconnection and interoperability, licensing procedures, conditions for fair competition, employment, and the information society.     

Foreign and domestic US policies: Spectrum reservations and media balance

This article examines the US opposition to a priori planning of the HF and space satellite spectrum, and ‘orbital slots’. This opposition is then contrasted with the rationale of domestic pre-engineered allocation and allotment plans for television and FM radio. The article then contrasts the US animus towards Third World calls for a ‘balanced’ information flow with the longstanding US commitment to fairness, balance, equal access and diversity. The author suggest that the operation of a foreign-domestic double standard could damage US credibility.     

浅析转型后广电网络企业固定资产的管理

随着我国市场化进程不断加快,我国的广电网络纷纷由事业单位转型为现代企业进行运营。本文主要阐述了转型后广电网络企业在固定资产管理方面出现的一些问题,并提出相应的解决方法,同时简要阐述广电网络企业固定资产管理制度构建。     

我国卫星电视产业市场结构实证分析及优化对策

文章所研究的卫星电视产业限定于播出和节目制作领域,并认为这一领域的电视产业具有竞争性产业的特点。在把握我国基本国情和电视产业的特点基础上,借助哈佛学派的SCP范式,以市场集中度等为指标,指出我国电视产业的高政策性壁垒、寡占型的市场集中度和行政垄断是我国卫星电视产业资源配置效率低下的原因所在。并针对所存在的问题对我国电视产业的市场结构优化问题给出了改革和开放的具体政策建议。     

Crossownership and media concentration

This paper investigates whether media concentration permits newspaper and group owners of television stations to charge higher advertising rates than other types of owners. The prior studies that have looked at this issue have had to rely on questionable data. This study focuses on more accurate data, i.e. selling prices. It is argued that the potential for higher advertising rates could cause newspaper and group owners to pay higher prices for television stations than other types of buyers. An empirical analysis was made of sales of television stations between 1960 and 1969. The results tend to show that newspaper owners were willing to pay higher prices. A second analysis was done to determine whether the higher prices were due to market power or economies of scale. The results tend to show that the higher prices were probably due to the market power possessed by newspaper owned stations, some of which spills over to the other stations in the market.     

Cable TV in Austria. Between telecommunications and broadcasting

In this paper the development of the Austrian cable television (CATV) sector is discussed, focusing on its delicate interconnections with telecommunications and broadcasting, the blurring borderlines and resulting regulatory problems. The policy network is identified and recent changes in the CATV policy and strategy are highlighted, In particular, developments towards a stronger convergence within the electronic communications sector. The case study illustrates peculiarities and shortcomings of Austrian media and communications policies on the way toward a future-oriented information infrastructure.