升息能遏制通货膨胀吗——Patman效应在中国货币政策中的检验

当前中国正面临较大的通货膨胀压力,货币当局必须寻求有效的政策工具驯服通货膨胀。在此背景下,升息反而会加剧通货膨胀的“Patman效应”尤其值得关注。本文将成本渠道引入一个标准的新凯恩斯模型并使用中国数据对模型进行校准和模拟,发现在数据支持的参数取值范围内,正利率冲击确实能够导致通货膨胀上升。基于中国季度和月度数据的货币政策冲击实证检验也发现,从数据中识别的正利率冲击同样会带来通货膨胀稳健的正初始响应。因此,货币当局应该将利率工具可能具有的Patman效应纳入考虑,在应对通货膨胀时谨慎使用利率政策。     

我国通货膨胀率模拟及预测——基于线性模型和非线性模型的比较分析

通货膨胀率是重要的宏观经济变量之一,对通货膨胀进行管理是政府的重要职责之一。本文从AS-AD模型出发,运用线性模型和非线性模型模拟我国1992年第一季度至2010年第二季度的通货膨胀行为。研究结果表明,影响通货膨胀率的主要因素是货币供应量和居民的通货膨胀预期。鉴于此,需要采取控制货币供应量等一揽子反通货膨胀政策,以有效地抑制通货膨胀。     

中国通货膨胀影响因素的实证分析——基于VAR模型的研究

通货膨胀已经影响到我国经济的稳健发展,文章对2003年1月至2011年3月间的我国外汇储备、狭义货币供应量、准货币与CPI四个指标进行了实证分析,旨在找到影响我国通货膨胀的因素。首先进行ADF检验,然后建立VAR向量自回归模型并进行协整检验,从而得出以下结论:外汇储备、狭义货币供应量、准货币与CPI之间存在长期的均衡关系,其中准货币增长对通货膨胀起反方向作用。据此,对抑制我国通货膨胀和保持经济平稳发展提出政策建议。     

地方政府财政支出对中国通货膨胀的冲击效应研究——基于凯恩斯 AD - AS 视角

基于国家干预的凯恩斯 AD - AS 视角,主要对财政货币政策与通货膨胀之间的关系进行研究,并采用 1952—2010 年中国宏观经济数据进行实证分析,结果表明: ( 1) 长期内,地方财政支出的扩张是导致通货膨胀的关键性因素; 而中央财政支出的扩张却有利于控制通货膨胀; 不同层次的货币供应量对通货膨胀的冲击则并不显著; 除此之外,通货膨胀还受到消费者预期、人民币汇率、职工工资水平和原材料购进价格的正向影响。(2) 短期内,无论是中央抑或是地方财政支出都能对通货膨胀产生负向的冲击作用; 然而,货币供应量( M0、M1、M2) 却对通货膨胀起到了明显的助推作用,且 M0与通货膨胀具有双向的 Granger 因果关系。( 3) 新时期,财政货币当局不仅需要高度关注高通胀惯性对政策效果的影响,尤其应注重财政货币政策的多重目标分解、梳理及协调配合,而且要处理好反通胀、保增长、调结构之间困难而复杂的关系,寻求三者之间的有效"平衡点"。     

关于我国实施通货膨胀目标制的看法

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代开始实施的一种新型的货币政策理论框架，它在减低通货膨胀水平、稳定通货膨胀预期和经济增长、增强中央银行透明度和责任度，提高货币政策和中央银行的可信度等方面都有一定的比较优势。我国从严格意义上来讲，并不满足实施通货膨胀目标制的相关条件。但可通过对货币框架政策的调整，来逐步向通货膨胀目标制靠拢。     

从理论和实证维度论证通货膨胀是货币现象

本文通过理论推导与实证检验，论证中国通货膨胀是货币现象。理论推导方面主要是说明通货膨胀的传导机制，即负利率推动城市高房价最终传到终端消费者物价指数；实证检验是运用格兰杰因果检验得出是城市高房价的因，同时消费者物价指数又是城市高房价的果。这样从理论和实证方面对结论产生了“共振”，更加有力地证明通货膨胀是货币现象，据此提供政策建议。     

浅析通货膨胀与经济增长、货币供应量的联动关系——基于1990-2010年数据的实证分析

近年来,我国货币供应量以及经济的快速增长引发国内外各界对我国通货膨胀的关注与担忧。本文通过对我国1990-2010年货币供应量和经济发展的实际情况进行实证分析发现,当期的物价水平和前一期GDP的增长率呈正相关,当期货币供应量的增加会引起下一期物价水平的上升,且均通过了显著性检验。因此,货币当局在保持经济增长的同时,应控制物价上涨的幅度,将货币供应量的增长速度保持在适当的范围内。     

中国金融状况指数的编制

金融状况指数是Goodhart等人(2001)年提出的一种一地区金融状况的指标,对通货膨胀有很好的预测能力,可以作为货币政策的参考指标。本文通过编制金融状况指数,以期对货币当局制定和实施政策具有较好的帮助。     

我国货币供给量影响通货膨胀的实证研究

通货膨胀影响着我们的生活。为了探讨除了政府的强制干预之外,还有什么方法能够有效地调节我国目前的通货膨胀,本文以2001年到2011年的广义货币供应量M2同比增长率以及CPI的年度数据作为样本数据,运用了单位根检验、协整检验、基于VAR模型的时间序列分析,包括格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应等方法,得出了货币供应量对我国通货膨胀存在着很大影响的结论,并在此结论上,结合我国历史货币政策提出了相应的政策建议。     

通货膨胀之因:货币增发还是大宗商品涨价——基于我国2001-2010年经验数据的实证分析

本文通过格兰杰因果关系检验确定广义货币供应量M2、大宗商品价格指数CRB与通货膨胀间存在因果关系,然后采用拟合模型,测度M2和CRB对通货膨胀的影响弹性大小。最后根据模型拟合结果得出相关结论及应对通货膨胀的政策建议。     

The Economics of Exchange‐Rate Regimes: A Review Essay

The exchange‐rate regime issue has taken centre‐stage in discussions of international economic policy. Much of the profession appears to have been converted to ‘the hypothesis of the vanishing middle regime’; for countries well‐integrated into world capital markets, there is little, if any, middle ground between floating exchange rates and monetary unification. This paper considers the exchange‐rate‐regime issue in the context of recent books on the subject by W. Max Corden and Morris Goldstein. Both authors prescribe managed floating exchange rates, supplemented with inflation targeting, for emerging‐market economies. Under managed floating, and with a credible monetary policy, the public finances in order, and strengthened debt management and prudential regulation, the exchange rate is free to act as a market gauge for assessing policies and as a mode of conflict resolution. Both authors also argue, however, that no exchange‐rate regime is a Holy Grail. Ultimately, a credible exchange‐rate regime depends upon the trust evoked by governments. There is no exchange‐rate regime, whether of the managed‐floating or hard‐fix variety, that can eradicate a history of failed stabilisation attempts.     

我国货币政策调控对产出和通胀影响的水平效应和波动率效应研究——基于VAR模型和局部投影模型冲击反应函数的实证分析

在“三重压力”下，我国货币政策调控要实现“稳增长”和“防通胀”在水平值和波动率上的“双重稳定”,既要保持适度经济增速，又要防止通货膨胀快速上升，还要防止产出和通胀波动形成的经济风险。为此，文章使用了局部投影方法和VAR模型方法计算了数量型和价格型货币政策的冲击反应函数，以此刻画货币政策对产出增长率和通货膨胀率的水平值和波动率的动态效应。实证结果表明，数量型货币政策对经济增长率和通货膨胀率均具有水平值上的显著正向效应，同时具有降低产出波动而提升通胀波动的冲击效应；价格型货币政策也对经济增长率和通货膨胀率具有显著正向效应，同时具有降低产出波动率和通胀波动率的双重稳定功能。因此，当前货币政策操作仍然要以价格型货币政策为主，以此实现货币政策逆周期和跨周期调控功能。     

通货膨胀目标制的政策内涵及其应用

本文从分析货币政策的规则和相机抉择之争入手，分析通货膨胀目标制作为名义锚在货币政策中的作用与政策含义，在此基础上探讨如何有效地设计和实行通货膨胀目标制。本文认为，我国货币政策在向通货膨胀目标制过渡过程中，要明确货币政策和汇率政策的主从地位，增强中央银行的独立性以及对宏观经济的分析和预测能力，解决中央银行承担最后贷款人义务而造成的通货膨胀隐患，建立核心通货膨胀指标。     

Can Japan Make a Comeback?

Since the beginning of the 1990s Japan has experienced economic stagnation. The economy had been allowed to overheat in the 1980s and a bubble had been built up. When this burst, there was massive asset‐deflation, which led to a banking crisis. The bad debts were not faced up to effectively. Japanese banks could not achieve high enough margins to recapitalise themselves, and the government was for a long time reluctant to intervene effectively. The shock made economic agents more pessimistic, which led to an imbalance between savings and investment‐demand. Excess savings were placed abroad and used to finance a domestic fiscal deficit, but this was not enough to close the gap and sustain growth. To be able to run a large current account surplus the yen needed to depreciate, but this was not achieved due to expectations about a future appreciation. The strategy to get out of the liquidity trap would include credible inflation targeting and yen depreciation. Monetary policy should have an inflation target well above zero per cent. Such macroeconomic measures need to be complemented by structural reforms such as deregulation of financial services, competition policy and reallocation of public investments. The Japanese development model with close connections between firms and banks needs to be reformed. Japan should be able to achieve stable growth again, but since the catch‐up phase is over one would not expect growth in Japan to be higher than in other developed countries, even if Japan undertakes the needed reforms.     

Fiscal policy and regional inflation in a currency union

Substantial attention has been devoted to inflation differentials within the European Monetary Union, including suggestions that inflation differentials are a policy issue for national governments. This paper investigates the ability of a region participating in a currency union to affect its inflation differential with respect to the union through fiscal policy. In a two-region general equilibrium model with traded and nontraded goods, lowering the labor income tax rate in response to positive inflation differentials succeeds in compressing inflation differentials. Such policies can lead to higher volatility of domestic inflation while leaving the volatility of real output roughly unchanged. Regional fiscal policies also have spill-over effects on the volatility of union-wide and foreign inflation in our model.     

Inflation,uncertainty, and monetary policy

Low inflation likely reflects factors whose influence should fade over time. But many uncertainties attend this assessment, and downward pressures on inflation could prove to be unexpectedly persistent. My colleagues and I may have misjudged the strength of the labor market, the degree to which longer-run inflation expectations are consistent with our inflation objective, or even the fundamental forces driving inflation. In interpreting incoming data, we will need to stay alert to these possibilities and, in light of incoming information, adjust our views about inflation, the overall economy, and the stance of monetary policy best suited to promoting maximum employment and price stability. How should policy be formulated in the face of such significant uncertainties? In my view, it strengthens the case for a gradual pace of adjustment. But we should also be wary of moving too gradually. It would be imprudent to keep monetary policy on hold until inflation is back to 2%.     

Optimal monetary policy in a currency area

This paper investigates how monetary policy should be conducted in a two-region general equilibrium model with monopolistic competition and price stickiness. This framework delivers a simple welfare criterion based on the utility of the consumers that can be used to evaluate monetary policy in a currency area. If the two regions share the same degree of nominal rigidity, the terms of trade are completely insulated from monetary policy and the optimal outcome is obtained by targeting a weighted average of the regional inflation rates. These weights coincide with the economic sizes of the region. If the degrees of rigidity are different, the optimal plan implies a high degree of inertia in the inflation rate. But an inflation targeting policy in which higher weight is given to the inflation in the region with higher degree of nominal rigidity is nearly optimal.     

加拿大通货膨胀目标制政策效果的实证分析——兼论对我国的政策启示

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代起在全球范围内兴起的一种新的货币政策框架,加拿大是其早期采用国之一。本文在对加拿大通胀目标制的主要内容作一简单介绍后,运用脉冲反应函数对此政策效应进行检验。研究结果表明,它对加拿大宏观经济运行态势的改善具有积极的政策效应:它有利于降低通货膨胀惯性、稳定通胀预期,熨平产出波动。最后,本文在结合推动我国经济发展方式转变的背景下,思考其对我国的政策启示。     

Is the US Dollar a Suitable Anchor for the Newly Proposed GCC Currency?

Responses of inflation and non‐oil output growth from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to monetary policy shocks from the United States (US) were estimated to determine whether there is evidence to support the US dollar as the anchor for the proposed unified currency. A structural vector autoregression identified with short‐run restrictions was employed for each country with Fed funds rate as the US monetary policy instrument, non‐oil output growth and inflation. The main results suggest that for inflation, the GCC countries show synchronised responses to monetary policy shocks from the US which are similar to inflation in the US, and for non‐oil output growth, there is no clear indication that US monetary policy can be as effective for the GCC countries as it is domestically. Consequently, importing US monetary policy via a dollar peg may guarantee only stable inflation for the GCC countries – not necessarily stable non‐oil output growth. If the non‐oil output response is made conscientiously – and there are concerns over the dollar’s ability to perform its role as a store of value – a basket peg with both the US dollar and the euro may be a sound alternative as confirmed by the variance decomposition analysis of our augmented SVAR with a proxy for the European short‐term interest rate.     

MONETARY AND FISCAL INTERACTIONS: SHORT‐RUN AND LONG‐RUN IMPLICATIONS

We model policy interactions in a growing economy. Unemployment can persist and matters for the real wage; conflicting claims underpin inflation outcomes; and aggregate demand determines capacity utilization and unemployment. Monetary policy is characterized by a Taylor rule. Fiscal policy is characterized by a marginal tendency to run deficits or surpluses. We address three questions: can monetary policy ensure macroeconomic stability in the absence of coordinated fiscal policy, can fiscal policy ensure macroeconomic stability when the monetary authority pegs the interest rate, and can policy authorities trade‐off some sustained inflation for a long‐run improvement in unemployment rates?