大学技术转移服务机构的发展策略研究——基于国家技术转移促进行动的分析

国家技术转移促进行动的实施为大学技术转移服务机构迎来了良好的发展机遇。对大学技术转移中心、大学科技园、生产力促进中心、工程（技术）研究中心等现阶段大学技术转移服务机构主要类型的功能定位进行了分析,指出几类大学技术转移服务机构的功能定位虽然不同,但都在促进大学技术转移方面发挥了重要作用。对国家技术转移促进行动关于大学技术转移及其服务机构的相关政策进行了解读。在国家新型技术转移体系中,大学作为国家技术转移体系建设的重要环节,充分发挥技术转移服务机构的作用,大力促进技术转移意义重大。以国家技术转移促进行动为契机,应从技术转移服务机构运行机制的完善、技术转移服务机构的扶持、科学的知识产权管理办法、合理的科技人员评价机制以及技术转移机构专业人员的培训等多方面入手加强大学技术转移服务机构的发展。     

基于新巴斯德象限的新型研发机构科技成果转移转化模式研究

新型研发机构科技成果转移转化模式对促进产业转型升级、区域经济提质增效意义深远。从理论模型展开推演，对巴斯德象限进行再发展，构建符合新时期新型研发机构科技成果转移转化特征的新巴斯德象限。在此基础上，对江苏省产业技术研究院科技成果转移转化模式从“使命-结构-行动”3个维度展开剖析并凝练其成功经验。最后，提出当前新型研发机构科技成果转移转化应注重组织领导和顶层设计布局、探索混合所有制建设路径、推进科技成果产业化项目落地孵化、注重财政专项支持与民间资本并举、发挥考核评价对各利益相关方的引导作用等5个方面的建议。     

Technology transfer in United States universities

This paper examines the role of offices of technology transfer (OTT) in 12 U.S. universities in 1998 in commercializing research results in the form of patents, licenses, and start-ups of new companies. We study the organization and place of OTTs within the university structure, the process of technology transfer, and the staffing and funding of the office. Data were collected through a mail questionnaire followed up through telephone interviews. We also conducted a statistical analysis of data for 170 U.S. universities, hospitals, and research institutes for the period 1991–1996. Our findings suggest that technology transfer from universities to the commercial sector needs to be understood in its broader context. The primary purpose of a technology transfer program is for the university to assist its researchers in disseminating research results for the public good. Success in this endeavor is only partially reflected in income generated for the university or the number of business start-ups. The degree of success depends not only on the nature of the interface between the university and the business community but also on the receptivity in the surrounding community as well as the culture, organization, and incentives within the universities themselves.     

Technology transfer from the defence to the civilian sector in Israel— methodology and findings

The objective of this project was to recommend government policies which would improve the process of technology transfer from the defense to the civilian sector in Israel. With a Technology Transfer Model providing a conceptual framework, two research teams diverged into two separate research courses and then converged for the purpose of drawing integrated conclusions. The conclusions of the two teams were strikingly similar. Specific statistical techniques were used for the first time in the field of technology transfer and various new concepts were introduced and analyzed, such as Order Transfer, Proper Transfer, high level success, and low level success. (This is the final report, its outline having previously been published [1].)     

TECHNOLOGY SHOPS: EFFICIENT PRICING IN BUSINESS-UNIVERSITY COLLABORATIONS

Recently, business–university collaborations have become the subject of much interest. It is important to distinguish between ‘blue-sky’ research and more directly commercially applicable research. This paper provides a framework in which to think about the latter. A simple screening model is proposed to study the ways in which a university might sell its research to the private sector. It demonstrates that ‘technology shops’, where firms pay a fixed fee to join and a relatively low marginal cost for each piece of research, would increase the amount of research commercially developed and would be beneficial to all parties.     

Technological convergence, R&D, trade and productivity growth

This paper analyses productivity growth in a panel of 14 United Kingdom manufacturing industries since 1970. Innovation and technology transfer provide two potential sources of productivity growth for a country behind the technological frontier. We examine the roles played by research and development (R&D), international trade, and human capital in stimulating each source of productivity growth. Technology transfer is statistically significant and quantitatively important. While R&D raises rates of innovation, international trade enhances the speed of technology transfer. Human capital primarily affects output through private rates of return (captured in our index of labour quality) rather than measured TFP.     

技术转移机构模式创新——基于边界组织的路径拓展

技术转移是推动科技发展、发挥科技成果社会效用的重要方式,也是当前建设创新型国家、实现经济高质量发展的战略性任务。技术转移机构是推动技术转移的专业服务力量,我国技术转移机构虽然数量众多,但仍存在较大缺陷。边界组织作为起源于科学社会学的一种组织类型,在消解跨边界活动中的社会界域边界现象方面具有很强的组织优势。基于边界组织视角,将边界组织拓展到技术转移领域,构建技术转移机构边界组织模式理论模型,将其与现有模式进行对比,探讨边界组织模式的作用机理及优势,并结合边界组织模式的实践经验,从我国科技创新现实需要出发,提出构建边界组织模式技术转移机构的思路。     

An efficiency analysis of Swedish employment offices

In this paper the method–production frontier analysis is used to analyse differences in efficiency between different Swedish Employment Offices. Earlier empirical labour market policy evaluation studies have utilised various measures that, however, do not take into consideration differences between organisation units. The main result of this investigation is that employment offices show major differences in the efficiency with which they carry out their job matching services.     

我国金融开放和贸易开放的互动渠道研究

将新贸易理论的技术效应、规模经济、产业转移一起视为我国现阶段贸易开放和金融开放的互动渠道,计量发现仅有产业转移渠道在我国的贸易开放和金融开放的互动中起到显著正向作用;规模效应仅与贸易开放有显著正向互动;技术效应则仅与贸易开放存在反向互动,亦不能担当两者互动的中介作用。基于结构向量自回归的方差分解发现产业转移在贸易开放和金融开放的方差波动的解释能力中都占据重要地位,大于技术效应和规模效益之和。     

大学与企业R&D合作技术溢出研究综述

大学与企业R&D合作已经成为许多企业获得先进技术的重要手段。大学已逐渐成为基础研究的主力军,是应用研究和技术创新的重要力量。强化高校研发活动以促进经济发展,要从优化研发资源配置,加强大学与企业合作,促进科技成果转化等方面着手。对近些年关于大学与企业之间R&D合作技术溢出的研究进行了梳理与述评,为大学与企业R&D合作研究提供了一定的学术基础,也为进一步的深入研究提供了方向。     

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY: PATENTS, R&D SPILLOVERS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND UNITED STATES

Multilateral indices of total factor productivity (TFP) allow efficiency comparisons between ten European Union countries and the United States from 1973 to 1993. Differences in TFP levels are then explained by land quality differences, public research and development (R&D) expenditures, education levels, private-sector patents, international spillovers of public R&D, and private-sector technology transfer. There is evidence that public R&D results in limited knowledge spillovers between the European countries and the United States. However, the use of international patent data from the Yale Technology Concordance shows not only that patents matter, but also that private sector technology transfer may be the dominant force in explaining TFP trends. The United States and the European Union countries with more advanced research systems (Netherlands, Denmark, France, and Belgium) converge in a high-growth club, while Germany, Luxembourg, Greece, Italy, Ireland, and the United Kingdom form the slow-growth group. Ignoring knowledge spillovers and technology transfer leads to biased estimates of R&D elasticities, which is hardly surprising since the private sector is now spending more than the public in some of these countries. Thus, the estimated rate of return to public agricultural R&D falls from over 60% in the closed economy model to 10% in the model that takes account of international spillovers. (JEL Q16)     

Technology transfer in the IT industry: A Korean perspective

Recently Korean Government announced ambitious IT strategy to establish Korea as one of leaders in world IT market. To implement this strategy, technology transfer from research lab to market should be successfully performed. This study is to identify factors influencing technology transfer and to examine contribution of these factors on success of technology transfer in Korean IT industry. Survey results show that technology project leaders evaluated “Concreteness of Technology” as the most influential factor for technology transfer, followed by “Communication Channels,” “Collaboration among Participants,” “Management Support,” “Government Support,” and “Incentives for Transfer.” Out of 135 technology transfer projects, respondents rated 33 projects as sustaining (28.44%), 38 as promoting (28.15%), 26 as demonstrating (19.26%), 27 in incubating (20.00%), and the remaining 7 in imaging stage (8.15%). This statistics means that 28.15% of technology transfer projects did not reach production stage. Regression analysis identifies that “Communication Channels,” “Management Support,” “Concreteness of Technology” “Sense of Common Purpose,” and “Awareness of Technology Transfer” were statistically significant in explaining success of technology transfer.     

高校技术转移与企业技术转移对区域创新能力的差异性贡献——技术转移中心的调节作用

高校和企业作为技术转移的两大主体,在技术转移中扮演着重要角色。高校技术转移和企业技术转移对区域创新能力的影响如何？二者贡献度有何差异？以2010―2017年中国内地27个省级行政区面板数据为研究样本,采用动态面板系统GMM估计方法,对上述问题进行探索。研究发现,高校技术转移和企业技术转移显著促进区域创新能力提升;相较于高校,企业技术转移的区域创新绩效更高;技术转移中心在高校技术转移和企业技术转移对区域创新能力影响中起着重要调节作用,技术转移中心显著强化了高校技术转移和企业技术转移的区域创新绩效。结论不仅丰富了不同技术转移形式的区域创新绩效方面的研究,同时有助于明晰不同主体技术转移效果,为政府制定针对性帮扶政策提供参考。     

我国高校技术转移机构建设模式与策略选择

技术转移是创新成果转化的重要途径，专业化技术转移机构建设成为解决科技成果转化“最后一公里”问题的重要突破口。首先，从运行机理上将高校技术转移机构建设模式划分为内部型技术转移办公室（TTO）、外部型技术转移公司（TTC）和混合型（TTH）。其次，基于高校学科类型、高校科研规模和转移机构级别3个维度探究高校技术转移机构建设模式最优选择策略。最后，以湖北高校技术转移机构为例进行实证分析。研究发现：科研实力弱、科技成果少、技术转移需求低的文科类和教学型高校适合采用TTC模式；科研实力强、科技成果多、技术转移需求高的理工类和研究型高校适合采用TTO模式；层次高、机构发展成熟的综合类高校适合采用TTH模式。研究结论有利于厘清高校技术转移机构建设模式的适用条件，为今后我国高校技术转移机构建设和运营提供参考。     

高校技术转移机构的演变过程及发展趋势

经过20年的发展,我国的高校技术转移机构由负责科技成果转化的管理职能部门,演变为目前的职能部门模式、公司模式和研究院模式3种基本类型。随着高校技术转移业务量的增加和专业程度的提高,高校技术转移机构的组织结构也在从简单的职能制向矩阵式或事业部形式演变。分析认为,高校应根据实际情况,选择适合自己的组织方式。     

Technology Collaboration and Foreign Equity Participation: A Theoretical Analysis

Technology transfer to the developing nations has been predominantly characterized by technology collaborations between the multinationals and the local firms of these developing countries. When a multinational offers a new technology to a local firm, the firms may have different perceptions regarding the success rate of the technology in the local conditions. This paper discusses various types of contractual arrangements with equity participation by the multinational, which dominate pure technology collaboration agreements.     

University-level mechanisms supporting the creation of new companies: an analysis of Italian academic spin-offs

In this paper we address the role of university policies in the creation of academic spin-offs. We focus on university technology transfer units (UTTUs) in Italy and on the mechanisms they have implemented to support academic entrepreneurship. We gathered data relating to their strategies for technology transfer and to the mechanisms they had implemented to support new venture creation. Results show that the number of people dedicated to technology transfer activities, strong relationships that UTTUs have with external organisations involved in technology transfer activities, and finally support services provided by universities and UTTUs have a significant influence in fostering the generation of new ventures.     

科研院所主导产学研联盟协同创新机制研究

产业技术创新战略联盟是产学研协同创新的新型组织形式。随着现代科研院所的发展,科研院所在协同创新过程中,无论是角色定位、技术研发还是产业化途径都呈现出区别于以往院所和大学的新特征。以科研院所主导的国家级联盟--海洋监测设备产业联盟为例,聚焦科研院所主导的协同创新过程,分析院所在推进产业创新网络、共性技术研发、产业化协同创新、产业发展目标协同等方面的特征,总结该类联盟成功运行的规律。结果发现,相较于大学和企业,科研院所主导的联盟拓展了协同创新范畴。其中,产业化协同创新是该类联盟的重要特点。     

组织模块化对研究型大学技术转移绩效的影响

技术转移是将社会科技资源转化为实体经济效益的重要途径。当前，我国研究型大学技术转移渠道不畅、技术转移绩效不高、大学科技成果成功产业化“最后一公里”问题凸显。基于现实需求和研究缺口，构建组织模块化对研究型大学技术转移绩效影响的理论模型。在此基础上，收集我国38所研究型大学样本数据，采用SPSS24.0和AMOS软件进行结构方程路径分析，论证和检验组织模块化对于研究型大学技术转移绩效的影响机制。结果表明：组织模块化对研究型大学技术转移绩效具有显著正向影响；技术创新能力在组织模块化与技术转移绩效之间起显著中介作用；知识共享的调节作用主要体现在组织模块化独立性、响应性与技术创新能力之间的关系上，其对组织模块分工性与技术创新能力关系的影响作用不显著。     

Factors affecting technology transfer offices' performance in the Italian food context

In recent years, growing attention has been devoted to the commercialisation of knowledge and technologies developed by universities and public research institutions. A central role in this particular process is played by the technology transfer offices (TTOs), which are on the one hand in charge of promoting the transfer of knowledge and technology to external companies, and on the other hand are also responsible for protecting and licensing the intellectual property of the research organisation. This paper is focused on a TTO operating in the food context, with the specific objectives of identifying the performance indicators and the main factors affecting its performance and, finally, analysing the relationships among these factors. Results highlighted the importance of both external and internal factors for the performance of a TTO operating in this context. In addition, we found both direct and indirect relations within these factors.