效应溢出与地方公共产品供给的权限

基于地方公共产品理论,探讨了具有溢出效应的地区间地方公共产品最优供给效率,尝试性地测度了地方性公共产品不同的供给形态对帕累托效率的偏离,并在此基础上指出经济权限和政治权限的耦和是实现地方公共产品最优供给的重要途径,最后借助外部性内在化的理论分析框架探讨了实现经济权限和政治权限耦合的相应制度安排。     

Heterogeneity and the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods

We investigate the effects of heterogeneity and incomplete information on aggregate contributions to a public good using the voluntary contribution mechanism. The non-linear laboratory environment has three-person groups as partners under varying conditions of information and communication. Bergstrom, Blum and Varian predict that increasing heterogeneity will have no effect on aggregate contributions in a no-communication environment. Ledyard conjectures a positive effect of incomplete information, a negative effect of heterogeneity, and a positive interaction of heterogeneity and incomplete information. We find that incomplete information has a small but significant negative effect. Heterogeneity has a positive effect on aggregate contributions, but its effects interact unexpectedly with communication. In a no-communication environment, heterogeneity in two dimensions (endowment and preferences) increases contributions substantially while heterogeneity in a single dimension (endowment or preferences) has little effect. In the communication environment we find the reverse. We also find a positive interaction between heterogeneity and incomplete information. Thus we reject the Bergstrom, Blume and Varian invariance result and provide mixed evidence on Ledyard's conjectures.     

公共品供给的政府效率解及其条件分析

传统经济理论认为,在任何一个集体中,因任何一种公共品的成本分摊与收益分享,都普遍存在着"搭便车"者的个人理性行为以及由此导致的集体非理性的结局———人人都无"车"可搭的"公共"悲剧,断言公共品供给是市场失败的领域,必须由政府替代。用斯密的市场秩序概念来处理所有的私人品,用霍布斯的主权国家概念来处理所有的公共品,也是市场经济国家资源配置制度安排的普遍选择。我认为,"搭便车"或经济人理性行为是合乎公理的经济学假设,但"搭便车"问题并不一定非由政府强制来解决不可。从理论上说,公共品的供给存在政府效率解,但政府效率解有严格的约束条件,公共品供给中的政府职能与政府失灵也都是相对于其效率条件以及满足这些条件的程度而言的。     

The Distributional Impact of Public Goods Provision: A Veil of Ignorance Approach

The "veil of ignorance" approach is used to consider the redistribution implied by different tax-benefit systems. Assuming a (hypothetical) ex-ante situation in which individuals lack any knowledge about their future income, redistribution from rich to poor can be seen as a form of insurance. Taking redistribution and insurance as synonymous, the analysis derives cases of redistributionally neutral systems of taxation and public good provision.
JEL classification : H 23; D 30;, H 41     

我国政府供给偏好决定的一个经济学解释--政治均衡与经济效率

政府供给偏好包括政府供给的规模偏好与结构偏好,它们是社会各方政治影响力相互冲突和竞争的结果。我们通过构建“执政能力函数”,从最简单的消费者集团与纳税人集团政治影响力制衡模型,到多集团、多政府供给项目下的政府供给结构决定模型,再到官僚控制下的政府供给偏好决定模型,逐步阐释了政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,进而说明,相对于市场,政府供给规模和范围边界的收敛趋势会促进社会资源配置效率的改进。在我国当前社会经济转型过程中,政府供给偏好的形成具有更多的动态特征,从提高整个社会资源配置效率和建设和谐社会的目标来看,公共决策的民主化虽然能够在一定程度上缓解政治均衡的低效率,但无法从根本上消除政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,因此我国当前政府职能转型的核心重点不在于公共决策的完全民主化,而在于协调政府供给范围调整与市场经济深化的进程和路径。公平竞争、自发扩展的市场经济秩序是市场“内生型”政府供给偏好形成的基础。     

Fiscal Policy,Economic Integration and Unemployment

In this paper fiscal policy is examined for an open economy characterized by unemployment due to efficiency wages. We allow for capital and firm mobility in a model where the government chooses the level of wage, source-based capital and profit taxation. The taxing choices of governments are analyzed in scenarios which differ with respect to the constraints imposed on the set of available taxes and on the mobility of firms. As a general result, the welfare loss from labor market imperfections increases when tax bases become internationally mobile, which suggests an increasing relevance of domestic labor-market reforms when tax bases become global.     

经济增长中非经济性公共物品需求分析

利用2003—2010年我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,对教育支出、医疗卫生支出、科技支出、社会保障补助支出和环境保护支出五类非经济性公共物品支出需求函数进行了估计,实证检验了与公共支出需求相关的因素。结果显示:非经济性公共物品需求与人均收入、人口规模和城市化率正相关;在温饱问题解决后,随着居民收入的增加,即使居民的税收负担有所上升,居民对教育、医疗和科技的需求也会不断增加;失业率的上升会减少居民对教育、科技和医疗的需求,但会增加对社会保障的需求;环境保护关系到城市的可持续发展,产业结构调整可能有助于缓解环境保护支出与需求的矛盾。     

Learning by Trial and Error: A Case for Moot Courts

This article describes the development of a computer tutorial for use in a history of economic ideas class. An early version of the tutorial contained ten topics, ranging from early Mercantilist thought to Jevons's marginal utility analysis. These concepts were presented in three ways: verbally, graphically, and in summary form. Student critiques were used to extend the content and revise the mode of presentation.     

英国集权财政下公共服务供给的分析与启示

英国的集权财政按照收支匹配的原则,在政府间自上而下地细化分配政府职能,并采用公共部门与私人部门竞争合作的供给方式,体现了英国公共服务职能实现中集权财政和有限政府的两大特点,并通过2007-2008年英国中央与地方的财政收支分析及牛津郡个案得到了证实。英国中央政府掌握主要的财政税收,并负责支持大宗公共服务事务;地方政府之间相互独立、互不隶属,依靠有限的地方税收和转移支付,提供辖区内的贴近民众日常生活的、琐碎的公共服务。作为同是集权财政的中国,应当借鉴英国政府职责的划分方法,并在公共服务供给方式上,积极引进私人部门的竞争与合作。     

公共产品供给主体及边界确定的交易费用经济学分析——兼论我国公共产品供给过程中交易费用的计量

将新制度经济学中交易费用理论引入公共产品供给分析,给出了供给公共产品的主体确定的理论模型,并在威廉姆森范式扩展的基础上得出了各个主体的边界,认为最优公共产品供给方式的选择和主体边界的确定,取决于公共产品供给过程中发生的交易费用.测算了中国公私部门供给公共产品过程中存在的交易费用,发现就我国公共产品的供给而言,在一定的条件下将公共产品供给由政府部门交给私人部门与第三部门可以节约交易费用,提高公共产品供给的效率.     

城市公园供给方式的模型分析

本文建立了一个可以描述各类公共品的理论模型,提出了公共品供给的目标——社会福利和社会公平最大化之间的权衡,并在模型框架下以具体数值例子演示了具有受益排他性和消费竞争性的混和公共品如何达到最优供给,从理论上为城市公园供给方式的研究提供了一个新的视角。     

教育产业及其发展的公共经济学分析

本文从公共经济学的视角探讨了我国教育产业及其发展的相关问题。首先，明确提出现代教育产业是一种混合产业，兼有公共经济与民间经济双重性质，中国现阶段必须将教育当做混合产业来发展，才有利于“科教兴国”战略的实施。其次，在明确现阶段应当以混合产业方式发展中国教育事业的基础上提出了我国应制定和实施的教育投入和管理的政策。     

财政分权是否影响了公共教育供给——基于理论模型与地级面板数据的研究

1994年分税制改革在提升了中央财权的同时,却使地方政府事权负担加重。这种支出的财政分权可能使地方政府减少公共服务的供给,比如公共教育供给。文章首先分析了产生该现象的主要原因,然后构建理论模型,基于1996-2007年全国地级面板数据进行实证研究,结果证明财政分权确实减少了公共教育供给。文章进一步做了不同教育阶段和不同地区的对比。依据分析结果,文章对改进公共教育供给提出了财政体制方面的政策建议。     

Voluntary contributions when the public good is not necessarily normal

We argue that there are interesting examples of privately provided public goods that do not satisfy the assumption of strict normality, and reconsider voluntary-contribution games in a more general framework. We show that, in general, (1) equalizing transfers between individuals with identical tastes can increase total supply of the public good, and (2) more of the public good can be supplied if agents move sequentially rather than simultaneously. These results are in sharp contrast to earlier conclusions derived in the literature under the assumption of strict normality.     

论城市公共服务的有效供给--政府与民间投资的互补性贡献与制度安排

本文探讨了公共机构和民营机构投资的配合(组合)问题,指出了二者在一个共同系统中投资的互补性贡献。同时,向人们展示了城市公共服务供给模式的多样性。作者认为,在发达的公共经济中,政府必须善于找到一种混合的策略,部分地依靠自己的力量提供公共服务,同时还要与民营机构以及其它机构维持广泛的契约安排,以生产其居民所偏好的服务集。只有这样,城市公共服务供给方可能是有效率的。     

Consumption externalities and the effects of international income transfers on the global environment

In this paper, we extend the standard model of private provision of public goods by including consumption externalities to characterize a situation in which economic activities pollute the environment. We consider a case in which there are an industrial country which can afford to invest in the environment and a developing country which cannot. Then, we show that international income transfers in both directions can improve the global environmental quality as well as the welfare of each country. We also show that the results have important implications for policies such as official development assistance or the assignment of tradable emission permits.     

Factor Endowments and the Private Provision of Public Goods

The paper examines the consequences of increasing the size of the community in the standard model of the private provision of public goods when costs are variable. In contrast to an economy with fixed costs, the provision of the public good can fall with a larger community, and an increased provision of the public good is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for individual utility to rise. The paper also contributes to the literature on immiserizing growth in that it shows that capital accumulation can possibly result in lower utility for all individuals.     

Rewards and Sanctions and the Provision of Public Goods in One-Shot Settings

A burgeoning literature in experimental studies of the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism focuses on the ability of institutions that allow the monitoring, sanctioning, and/or rewarding of others to facilitate cooperation. In this paper rewards and sanctions are examined in a one-shot VCM setting that so far has been unexplored in the literature. The study finds that while some subjects are willing to reward and sanction others at a personal cost, the opportunity to reward or sanction is ineffective in facilitating cooperation relative to previous experiments in which a repeated game environment is employed. The study also compares behavior in an environment in which the imposition of rewards and sanctions is certain to an environment in which imposition is uncertain. The expected value of the reward or sanction is kept constant across environments to focus simply on the effect of uncertainty about imposition. Uncertainty does not change behavior in a significant way, either in the level of cooperation or the willingness of individuals to impose rewards or sanctions.     

Environmental Policy, Tax Incidence, and the Cost of Public Funds

This paper studies under what conditions a double dividend may occur in the sense that both environmental quality and employment rise. A simple static general equilibrium model is employed in which tax policy faces the dual task of internalising a negative environmental externality and raising revenue to finance public consumption. The model features a clearing labour market with both labour demand and supply and a fixed factor of production (e.g. capital). Hence, we can study tax incidence and its effect on employment, environmental quality, and the marginal cost of public funds. It is shown for the case of an upward sloping labour supply curve and less than full tax shifting by employers that a shift towards greener preferences cannot yield a double dividend, even if the fixed factor is important. However, if labour supply curve bends backwards, more environmental concern confers a double dividend.     

保障性社区公共服务设施供给研究——以上海市宝山“四高”小区为例

在城市更新和住房保障制度实施的背景下,保障性社区正在全国范围内大量形成,由于其选址较偏,对相关配套关注少,公共服务设施的供应严重滞后与不足,居民的生活质量受到影响,阻碍了保障效果的实现及和谐社会的构建。从分析保障性社区公共服务设施供给的影响因素出发,针对保障性社区的特征,阐述公共服务设施的供给规模确定、供给内容特征和供给时序安排,提出不同导入时期的公共服务设施供给优化建议。