小议会计师事务所的内审业务

通常在如下情况下,企业会聘请中介机构进行或参与内部审计:(1)企业没有设置内审部门;(2)企业的内审部门受控于管理层;(3)企业的内审部门缺乏经验,或人手不足,需要外部力量支持。与常规的年度审计不同,内审业务往往跨出了财务报表审计的范围,几乎涵盖了企业管理的每个环节。为此,国际性的会计师事务所一般设立专职部门,聘请专职内审人员从事此项业务,并根据企业内部控制的特点和企业内部管理的重要环节设定审核程序。审核程序的制定有两个作用:一是为内部审计提供指引,二是帮助委托双方厘定工作内容。内部审核程序的设计要围绕企业内部管理的…     

Why and How UK Firms Hedge

This paper attempts to differentiate among the theories of hedging by using disclosures in the annual reports of 400 UK companies and data collected via a survey. I find, unlike many previous US studies, strong evidence linking the decision to hedge and the expected costs of financial distress. The tests show that this is mainly because my definition of hedging includes all hedgers and not just derivative users. However, when the tests employ the same hedging definition as previous US studies, financial distress cost factors still appear to be more important for this sample than samples of US firms. Therefore, a secondary explanation for the strong financial distress results might be due to differences in the bankruptcy codes in the two countries, which result in higher expected costs of financial distress for UK firms. The paper also examines the determinants of the choice of hedging method distinguishing between non‐derivative and derivatives hedging. My evidence shows that larger firms, firms with more cash, firms with a greater probability of financial distress, firms with exports or imports and firms with more short‐term debt are more likely to hedge with derivatives. Thus, differences in opportunities, in incentives for reducing risk and in the types of financial price exposure play an important role in how firms hedge their risks.     

事务所规模、审计行业专长与事务所审计质量传染效应

发生审计失败事务所的审计质量系统性低于未发生审计失败事务所的审计质量,即会计师事务所的审计质量存在传染效应,但该传染效应受到事务所自选择问题的影响;大规模事务所在审计质量传染效应中占据主导地位;事务所行业专长未能抑制审计质量传染效应。     

在小规模企业中实施风险导向审计方法的探讨

系列审计风险准则即将施行,风险导向的审计方法将被贯彻到注册会计师审计工作的全过程。由此在审计实施过程中,对被审计单位的重大错报风险之评估变为必要的审计程序,而由于上述风险评估工作的开展,审计工作的投入将比传统审计方法下有明显的增加,对审计人员的专业技术能力和职业胜任亦提出了很高的要求。     

A Perspective on UK Productivity Performance

The paper reviews recent UK productivity performance using insights from new growth economics and its embodiment in growth accounting techniques. The sources of the UK labour productivity gap are found to differ across countries; broad capital per worker plays a larger part with regard to France and Germany while innovation matters more compared with the USA. The role of incentive structures is examined and the importance of competition as an antidote to agency problems in UK firms is highlighted. Current UK policy is reviewed and the need to address government as well as market failures is stressed.     

The Choice of Debt Source by UK Firms

We examine the choice of borrowing source among public debt, syndicated bank loans, bilateral bank loans and non‐bank private debt. Using a sample of 400 non‐financial firms over the period 2000–2012, we find strong support for the reputational theory of borrowing source. Larger firms are more likely to borrow in public debt markets. Bank dependent firms are less likely to borrow in public debt markets and choose between bank and non‐bank private debt based on maturity, collateral available to lenders and other firm characteristics. These results are consistent with the role of borrower reputation being the primary determinant of borrowing source for UK listed firms.     

事务所开展风险导向审计的五个基础

审计风险准则的出台,将对注册会计师更好地评估重大错报风险、改进审计程序、提高审计质量、降低审计风险起到重大作用。同时,对我国注册会计师审计理念、审计程序、审计责任等方面将产生重大影响。那么如何才能有效地开展风险导向审计,使审计风险降到     

Determinants of the Pension Curtailment Decisions of UK Firms

Abstract:  During the last ten years of regulatory change, many UK companies have curtailed their defined benefit pension scheme. We test three competing explanations of UK corporate pension curtailments: integration, separation and risk management. We predict and find an association between the use of managerial discretion over changes in UK firms' expected rate of return on pension assets (ERR) assumptions, and subsequent decisions to curtail future defined benefit pension obligations. These findings are consistent with a risk management-based explanation, even after controlling for other factors identified by prior literature as significant in explaining pension benefit reductions. We also find that curtailments and the risk management of ERR assumptions are associated with subsequent corporate restructuring decisions. The findings support the view that pension curtailment decisions are driven by the failure to adapt to new economic and regulatory pressures and that they are ultimately determined by strategic corporate risk management considerations.     

Strategy and Financial Policy in UK Small Firms

There is growing evidence that capital structure and firm strategy are linked but most studies to date have focused on large, publicly quoted firms, with little attention given to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A major proposition of the study is that both strategic and financial factors are necessary to explain chosen debt levels. The empirical question adopted for this work, given the best financial model of capital structure, is – does strategy provide any additional explanatory power? Hence strategy and financial variables are seen as complementary rather than competing determinants of capital structure. There appears to be strong evidence supporting the proposition that competitive strategy affects the capital structure of SMEs, but there is little evidence of any impact from corporate strategic factors. The study also supports the notion that there is a 'pecking order' in SME financing and that variability in profits results in 'distress' borrowing. This study provides important empirical evidence to support work on the capital structure puzzle and the funding problems of SMEs.     

Ownership Structure, Firm Performance and Top Executive Change: An Analysis of UK Firms

The results of this paper reveal a significantly negative relationship between the equity stake owned by a senior executive and the likelihood that this executive will be removed from office. We also establish the existence of a strong positive relationship between poor company performance and the likelihood that the top managers responsible will be forced out of their firms; this forced departure only tends to occur when the managers' stake in the firm is less than 1%; as the level of ownership rises, managers become increasingly entrenched in their posts. The stock market reaction to management change is greatest (a) when the departure is unexpected and (b) when the dismissed executive owns more than 5% of the equity of his company. This study also examines the influence of other aspects of ownership structure and board composition upon the likelihood of a top executive dismissal.     

The Characteristics of Domestic Firms: Materializing Productivity Spillovers from FDI

Using detailed firm-level data from Turkey, for 1991–2001, we analyze the importance of domestic firm capabilities in allowing for productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment. The absorptive capacities we investigate are technology gap, export status, and human capital of domestic firms. The study contributes to the literature by offering an alternative measure of human capital that would be more relevant in a country where there are labor market imperfections. The results provide supporting evidence for the role played by the human capital of domestic firms, i.e., the ratio of skilled, in realizing mainly horizontal spillovers.     

会计软件采用与企业生产率——来自非上市公司的证据

现有关于会计信息化经济后果的研究主要关注ERP系统,而现实中大部分公司仍在使用相对简单的会计核算软件。本文利用企业纳税申报表信息,首次大样本实证分析了非上市公司中会计软件应用情况及其对生产率的影响。我们发现75%的非上市公司采用了功能不等的各类会计软件,但其中仅有6%为ERP。控制其他因素后,采用会计软件的企业生产率显著高于未采用会计软件的企业,且会计软件性能与生产率显著正相关。企业会计信息利用能力和增长机会强化了这一效应。本文采取格兰杰因果检验和工具变量回归等方法缓解内生性问题。本文有助于更全面理解会计信息系统的经济后果,并为促进经济高质量发展提供重要决策参考。     

An Examination of the Long Run Performance of UK Acquiring Firms

This study examines a comprehensive data set of large domestic takeovers by UK listed companies between 1984 and 1992. The contribution of this paper is to show, by using a series of models of abnormal returns, together with the Ibbotson (1975) 'Returns Across Time Series' model and a simple cross-sectional model of returns across all listed UK companies, that the average abnormal return for up to two years post-acquisition is unambiguously and significantly negative. In particular, acquirers financing a takeover through equity, and single (as opposed to regular) acquirers exhibit significant negative performance. There is also some evidence to suggest that diversifying acquirers perform worse than non-diversifying acquirers and that recommended bids are associated with poorer subsequent under-performance by acquirers than are hostile bids.     

审计环境结构分析

审计环境是制约审计质量诸多因素这一，良好的环境氛围可促进审计事业持续、健康发展。审计环境是一个多层次、综合性、结构复杂的体系，它是审计理论结构的重要组成部分，近来逐渐引起了审计理论界的关注。     

Sources of Financing,Profitability and Productivity: First Evidence from Matched Firms

This paper contributes to the literature on capital structure and firm performance. Using firm‐level data covering over 11,000 firms from 47 countries over a recent period of 1997‐2007, we address the effect of different sources of financing on corporate performance, employing a matching process, which allows an adequate `like‐for‐like’ comparison between high and low level of financing by firms. Robust to different matching estimators, the main findings are consistent with the theories of capital structure, in that firms with high debt‐to‐equity ratio tend to have lower returns to shareholders (profitability) and lower internal efficiency (productivity). The results become more robust when we separate the firms into advanced and emerging country‐groups or countries with high/low levels of financial development. Given the lower level of leverage below 50% on average in emerging markets (or in countries with lower level of financial reforms), firms in these economies face lower risk of financial distress and thereby less adverse effect on firm profitability and productivity, relative to their counterparts in advanced economies. We also find that retained earnings and equity financing improve performance, while debt financing by firms particularly in the form of bank loans leads to lower performance, although not so in the case of debt raised through issuing bonds.     

The Role of Auditing Firms in the Implementation of New Accounting Standards: Evidence from China

This paper explores the impact of auditing firms on the implementation of the new Chinese Accounting Standards for Enterprises 22 (new CAS 22), which converges with IFRS 9. We find that the Big4 firms focus on fair value measurement and application of the expected credit loss (ECL) impairment model, whereas the LocalTop6 firms primarily focus on the classification of financial assets. The results indicate that effective implementation of the new standards mainly depends on standardized procedures and professional techniques of auditing firms, as the Big4 firms exhibit better implementation of the new standards in terms of items that generate greater risk and uncertainty than do local large auditing firms in China. In addition, we further test how cross-listing affects the role of auditing firms in implementing the new standards and find that the Big4 firms play a more significant role for A-share only companies than A + H companies. The findings reveal the challenges associated with implementation of IFRS 9-based new CAS 22 in China.     

Productivity Growth in UK Accountancy Departments 1989–96

The study investigates productivity change in UK accountancy departments over the period 1989–1996, with this change being decomposed into 'change in efficiency' and 'technical change'. Efficiency change is also decomposed into changes in scale efficiency, output congestion and purely technical efficiency. To empirically assess the relative efficiency of each department, in transforming its monetary budget into teaching and research outputs, DEA techniques are utilized so as to enable comparison with a 'best practice' frontier. In doing this, the results of the 1989, 1992 and 1996 Research Assessment Exercises are incorporated so as to take account of the quality of research output.     

The Strategy of Going Public: How UK Firms Choose Their Listing Contracts

Abstract:   UK firms going public have a choice between public offers and placings. This choice has important implications in terms of who bears the risk of the issue failing and of its costs. We find that firms with higher ex ante uncertainty choose a placing contract. Highly reputable sponsors and creditor screening serve as signals of firm quality, enabling such firms to choose a public offer. Large and multinational firms usually choose a public offer whereas there is some evidence that very small issues choose a placing. Finally, the 'hotness' of the IPO market increases the probability of placings.