A Review of the Ownership Structure and Corporate Performance

The separation between the ownership and control is an important character for modem firms. Since Modern Firm and Private Property written by Berle and Means was published, the study on the relationship between the ownership and corporate performance has become a front porch task in modem firm theory. In this paper, firstly, we review the argument on this topic among the western researchers and the achievements in recent 20 years. Then we evaluate all the results about this topic and show some valuable advice for the continuous study. Finally, we forecast the research foreground on this topic.     

Relationship between Managerial Compensation and Business Performance in Japan: New Evidence Using Micro Data*

This paper examines the relationship between the level of managerial compensation and the quality of corporate governance in Japan in the period following the bubble burst of 1991–1995. There are three main findings. First, Japanese firms with weaker governance have greater agency problems in that managerial opportunism extracts higher compensation and the firm performs relatively worse. Second, these agency problems were more severe during the recessionary period of 1994–1995. Finally, governance structures in industries with higher managerial compensation are relatively weaker than in other industries.     

中国车类上市公司股权结构与公司绩效关系的实证研究

股权结构与公司绩效之间的关系问题一直是一个研究热点.文章首先对股权结构与公司绩效的关系进行文献回顾,对二者间的关系进行理论分析并提出研究假设,同时设计实证模型,利用中国车类上市公司的样本数据对模型进行实证检验,最后得出结论.结果显示,就中国车类上市公司而言,公司绩效与股权集中度显著正相关、与法人股比例存在二次曲线相关关系、与流通股比例显著负相关.     

Foreign investment,corporate governance and performance in the Chinese listed A Share companies

We present a novel lens on the presence and impact of qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) in top shareholdings of the non-financial domestically listed Chinese ‘A’ share firms. The initial results suggest that the presence of a QFII as a top shareholder in these companies is associated with their better performance, using both Tobin’s Q and ROA as the performance measures. Our models include variables representing corporate governance mechanisms, foreign legal person shares, a proxy for international affiliations and a number of time-variant firm characteristics. Economically, the coefficient of impact on the market measure is the more significant, while the effect of having a QFII in top shareholdings on both performance measures is empirically significant. Previously, studies have often ignored the potential for reverse causality beyond using lagged regressors. This is problematic. Therefore, we follow up with a 2SLS instrumental variables and system GMM model to further mitigate this potential and find the empirical relationship holds. Contrary to earlier work on QFIIs and governance post-implementation of the QFII scheme, the findings from our models suggest that the presence of a QFII top shareholder augments market performance holding equal existing corporate governance mechanisms and other controls.     

Corporate Strategies and Performances of Korean Firms: The Unified Theory of the Firm Perspective

Abstract

A good understanding of the nature of the firm is essential in developing corporate strategies, building corporate competitiveness, and establishing sound economic policy. Several theories have emerged on the nature of the firm: the neo-classical theory of the firm, the principal agency theory, the transaction cost theory, the property rights theory, the resource-based theory and the evolutionary theory. Each of these theories identify some elements that describe the nature of the firm, but no single theory is comprehensive enough to include all elements of the nature of the firm.

Economists began to seek a theory capable of describing the nature of the firm within a single, all-encompassing, coherent framework. We propose a unified theory of the firm, which encompasses all elements of the firm. We then evaluate performances of Korean firms from the unified theory of the firm perspective. Empirical evidences are promising in support of the integrative theory of the firm.     

Debt financing structure,ownership concentration and firm performance: a comparison of the listed state-owned and non-state-owned CMNEs

This paper examines the impact of debt financing and ownership concentration on internationalization performance by using a sample of 217 Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) from 2009 to 2016. Through fixed-effect regression and dynamic threshold analysis, this paper finds that increasing short-term debts is positively associated with the internationalization performance of non-state-owned CMNEs, while increasing short-term debts by state-owned CMNEs will harm their performance. Ownership concentration affects CMNEs’ risk preference and thus affecting their internationalization performance in different degrees. This paper finds that the threshold for the impact of CMNEs’ largest shareholder’s ownership concentration on its internationalization performance is 0.18, the thresholds for the impact of CMNEs’ top 10 shareholders’ ownership concentration on its internationalization performance are 0.346 and 0.433. When state-owned CMNEs’ top 10 shareholders’ ownership concentration exceeds 0.337 and 0.347, their internationalization performance will have significant positive changes. Overall, this study is expected to contribute to the literature of internationalization of emerging market companies.     

广东省上市公司控制权转移对公司治理影响的研究

股权结构是公司治理的产权基础,当企业的控制权发生转移,公司治理机制将会发生变动。本文以2004年标的为上市公司股权(标的属广东省)且控制权发生转移的股权交易案为研究样本,旨在分析上市公司控制权转移对公司治理的影响。因并购主体产权性质的差异性,控制权转移对公司治理的影响在角度与程度上各不相同。总体来说,控制权转移将促进公司治理主要在弱化内部人控制、行政干预减少及职业经理人市场的形成三个方面得以优化。     

An Integrated Corporate Governance Framework and Financial Performance in South African‐Listed Corporations

This paper investigates the relationship between an integrated corporate governance (CG) index and financial performance using a sample of 169 South African (SA)‐listed corporations between 2002 and 2007. We find a statistically significant and positive association between a broad set of good CG practices and financial performance. In a series of sensitivity analyses, we find that our results are robust to endogeneity, different financial performance proxies, alternative CG weighting scheme and firm‐level fixed effects. We further distinctively examine the link between complying with SA context‐specific stakeholder CG provisions and financial performance. In line with political cost and resource dependence theories, our results reveal a statistically significant and positive nexus between compliance with stakeholder CG provisions and financial performance.     

股权结构异质性与治理效率：前沿理论与实证研究评述

股权结构是公司治理制度安排对外部环境不确定性的一个动态反应过程,其异质性特征影响企业的治理行为,产生收益与成本。在经济转型背景下,基于股权结构的公司治理效应研究非常普及,通过影响和塑造公司治理行为选择而影响整个经济系统。本文以股权结构异质性为主线,对股权结构类型、非控制性大股东、股东合谋和终极股权四个维度,结合中国情境下的股权结构异质性的应用研究进行文献梳理与述评,以期为我国公司治理制度下发挥股权结构的治理效应提供借鉴与启示。     

我国高技术产业创新绩效与区域差异性研究

采用我国2000—2010年26省市的高技术产业面板数据,对国内研发、技术转移和国外技术溢出与高技术产业的创新绩效关系进行实证研究。同时,考虑到省市间经济发展水平和创新能力存在较大差异,又把26个省市按照经济发展水平划分为三个区域,分别考察各区域的创新绩效。研究发现,本国科研人员投入及技术转移对技术发明起到明显的促进作用,科研人员投入等本国要素及FDI、出口贸易等国外因素则对产业创新有较为显著的作用。各因素对不同收入水平的地区有明显的地区差异性:国内研发等要素投入对高收入地区的技术创新促进性作用比较明显,而FDI等因素对低收入地区整体创新能力均产生明显的积极效应。因此需要根据各地区的经济发展水平和创新能力制定相应的科技政策。     

CEO薪酬与公司绩效关系研究综述

CEO薪酬与公司绩效关系的研究在学术界与现实管理中吸引着越来越多的关注,主要原因在于该主题的研究一直未有统一定论。而国外由于资本市场较发达,股权激励推行的时间较长等原因,研究较我国而言系统而深入。论文通过对国内外文献进行梳理,认为大多数研究进行的是现金薪酬、股权、期权三方面各自的或综合的高管薪酬与公司绩效之间关系的探讨,并对此进行系统综述,文末对比国外研究,提出了国内未来研究应注意的问题,以期为后续研究提供有益的借鉴。     

第一大股东性质、董事会领导结构与公司绩效

通过对2010年A股上市公司的实证研究,从第一大股东视角研究不同的董事会领导结构安排对公司绩效的影响。研究表明,当第一大股东对公司控制能力较强时,两职合一与公司绩效负相关,而控制能力较弱时,两职合一与公司绩效正相关。本文还根据第一大股东所有权性质的不同进行分类研究,发现当公司第一大股东为非国有股股东时,由董事长分任总经理更有助于改善公司绩效。     

公司治理结构中的权力制衡研究

运用效用函数分析了现代公司治理结构中的行为主体(股东、经理层)之间的权力制衡机理,通过建立博弈模型研究了大股东之间的权力争夺,大股东和小股东的博弈以及股东与经理层的制衡,提出高度集中或高度分散的股权结构都不利于对经理层的监督和约束,而股权适度集中有利于形成企业内部的权力制衡。     

风险投资对我国高新技术企业成长的研究:治理结构的视角

利用创业板上市的高新技术企业样本数据,研究了风险投资是否参与对企业治理结构进而对企业成长的影响;鉴于风险资本一旦进入目标企业,目标企业只能在现有公司法框架内完善企业治理结构,治理结构实际可继续提升的空间很小,因而,风险投资参与程度对企业治理结构的影响很小。发现风险投资的参与促进了目标企业治理结构的完善,进而促进了企业成长,且治理结构是风险投资与企业成长的中介变量;风险投资参与程度对企业成长有正向影响。     

Ownership Structure and Risk‐taking Behavior: Evidence from Banks in Korea and Japan

This study analyzes the effects of managerial ownership on the risk‐taking behavior of Korean and Japanese banks during the relatively regulated period of the late 1990s to the early 2000s. It finds that managerial ownership alone does not affect either the risk or the profit levels of Korean banks. In contrast, an increase in managerial ownership adds to the total risk of Japanese banks. However, increased risk‐taking behavior does not produce higher levels of profit for Japanese banks. The coefficients of the interaction term between franchise value and managerial ownership are negative and statistically significant for both the Korean and the Japanese banking industries. This means that an increase in managerial ownership in banks with high franchise values discourages risk‐taking behavior. The results confirm the disciplinary role of franchise value on the risk‐taking behavior of banks. These results also fall in line with previous literature supporting the moral hazard hypothesis based on research into the economies of the USA and other countries.     

Dynamics of Capital Structure: The Case of Korean Listed Manufacturing Companies*

In this paper, we develop a model of dynamic capital structure choice based on a sample of Korean manufacturing firms and estimate the unobservable optimal capital structure using a wide range of observable determinants. Unbalanced panel data of Korean listed firms for the period 1985–2002 is used. In addition to identifying and estimating the effects of the determinants of capital structure, we take into consideration some Korea‐specific features, such as the structural break before and after the financial crisis and firms’ affiliation to chaebol business groups. Our results indicate that the optimal capital structure has been affected by the financial crisis. Although the results suggest that chaebol‐affiliated firms have higher optimal level of leverage and adjust their capital structure faster than non‐chaebol firms, firms’ leverage might be associated with factors other than chaebol‐affiliation, such as size, profitability and growth opportunity.     

上市公司股权集中度与公司绩效关系的实证研究

为研究股权集中度对公司绩效的影响,文章依据公司治理理论,以我国日用品行业上市公司为研究对象,采用2010-2013年混合样本数据进行回归。得出结论：日用品行业上市公司第一大股东持股比例与公司绩效呈倒“U”型关系;前五大股东持股比例与公司绩效间无显著相关关系;股权制衡度与公司绩效呈负相关关系。总之,在改制国有企业占较大比重的日化行业,股权集中度维持在合理区间有利于企业发展,并根据研究结果提出相关的对策建议。     

基于终极产权论的股权结构与公司绩效研究

文章依据终极产权理论,对我国制造业上市公司股权进行重新划分,分为国有终极控制权和非国有终极控制权.采用面板数据方法,在控制样本选择偏差和股权内生变量的前提下研究股权结构对公司绩效的影响.实证结果表明,终极控制权比例与国有控股公司绩效CFOA、M/B呈显著的倒U性关系,而与传统绩效指标ROE、ROA无显著关系,在非国有终极控股公司中则不存在上述关系.流通A股比例与公司绩效关系不确定.样本选择偏差、机构投资者和外资股对公司绩效也有不同的影响.     

Zombie Firms and Debt Accumulation: A Theoretical Framework and Chinese Experience

In recent years, as China has grappled with rising debt and broad economic restructure, the prevalence of zombie firms has become a critical problem. This paper provides a theoretical framework illustrating the rationale behind the occurrence of zombie firms from the perspective of banks. We develop differential equations to model a bank's expectation and the ex ante estimate that underlies its decision to refinance an insolvent borrower. An optimistic expectation is essential in zombie lending and is intrinsic to the countercyclical pattern of zombie firms. Our model also predicts that debt can build up to an unsustainable level if recovery of profitability is sluggish or the initial debt burden is too high. Examining the Chinese experience of zombie firms over 2007–2017, this paper highlights two findings. First, the share of zombie firms among Shanghai and Shenzhen A‐share listed companies demonstrates a countercyclical pattern. Second, the positive correlation between zombie share and debt accumulation across manufacturing sectors sheds light on the link between zombie firms and the rising corporate debt in China. To deal with the “zombie” problem, the government should carefully weigh its policies to avoid further distortions because the occurrence of zombie firms may be inevitable and impossible to eliminate.