共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Conclusion The privatisation and liberalisation steps referred to are an expression of the endeavour to accompany stabilisation efforts as quickly as feasible with the institutional and systemic changes as well as with policies for restructuring, to change the behaviour patterns of economics agents. Until this change takes place, the more effective the restrictive policies are in the financial sphere, the higher the costs incurred in the real sphere will tend to be.The achievement of the desirable trade-offs between the conflicting aims of the macroeconomic development is thus linked with the degree of success in the changes of behaviour of economic agents. The macroeconomic stabilisation will therefore in the longer run depend on the extent to which the regime actually changes, on the positive destabilisation of economic agents and on the progress in their restructuring.In Czechoslovakia there does not therefore seem to be as clear-cut a distinction, as in other reforming countries, between the phases of stabilisation policies, institutional and systemic changes and those of the restructuring policies.The measures to transform the Czechoslovak economy and the implementation of these measures represent an attempt to proceed on a wider front, to take coordinated steps in all the relevant spheres, implying a greater degree of simultaneity. This is a reflection of the strategy chosen which aims at a qualitative change to be accomplished rapidly, taking into account the fact that the individual steps in the various spheres of the transition process are closely interconnected. The approach followed could thus be considered a strategy to introduce groups of complementary policy measures, that is to say, to make several reform packages and to implement them sequentially. 相似文献
2.
Refuge requirements have been the primary regulatory tool to delay pest resistance to Bt crops. This paper presents a simple method to estimate the annual cost of refuges to producers, applying it to Bt cotton. It also examines broader welfare impacts, estimating how Bt cotton acreage restrictions affect producer surplus, consumer surplus, seed supplier profits, and commodity program outlays. The implications of grower adoption behavior — partial adoption, aggregate adoption, and refuge choice — for regulatory costs are examined. Empirical examples illustrate how providing multiple refuge options significantly reduces regulatory costs. 相似文献
3.
This article develops the first model in which, consistentwith the empirical evidence, the transition from stagnation toeconomic growth is a very long endogenous process. The modelhas one steady state with a low and stagnant level of incomeper capita and another steady state with a high and growing levelof income per capita. Both of these steady states are locallystable under the perfect foresight assumption. We relax the perfectforesight assumption and introduce adaptive learning into thisenvironment. Learning acts as an equilibrium selection criterionand provides an interesting transition dynamic between steadystates. We find that for sufficiently low initial values of humancapital—values that would tend to characterize preindustrialeconomies—the system under learning spends a long periodof time (an epoch) in the neighborhood of the low-income steadystate before finally transitioning to a neighborhood of the high-incomesteady state. We argue that this type of transition dynamic providesa good characterization of the economic growth and developmentpatterns that have been observed across countries. 相似文献
4.
5.
The Influence of Workers' Participation on the Power of Management in Transitional Countries: The case of Slovenia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Janez Prasnikar & Aleksandra Gregoric 《Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics》2002,73(2):269-297
The main aim of our paper is to discuss the influence of the different forms of the workers' participation on the power of management and experts in carrying out the restructuring of the Slovenian firms. The firms with the strongest influence of the management and the experts resulted to be more successful in developing the strategic way of thinking, to have clearer and more defined strategies and goals and to adapt better to the international competition. Our empirical analysis further confirms the hypothesis that the management and experts have a stronger influence in the firms with higher internal ownership, younger management and in those that have successfully implemented the intra-firm bargaining. On the other hand, the management and experts' power is negatively correlated with the percentage of the workers' representatives on the Supervisory Board. 相似文献
6.
Christopher M. Snyder 《Economic Theory》1999,14(1):247-253
Summary. In the context of a costly-state-verification model with a risk-neutral agent having limited liability, it has been postulated
that allowing stochastic auditing reduces the asymmetric information problem to a trivial one: i.e., the first best can be
approached arbitrarily closely with feasible contracts. This paper proves the postulate to be false: the surplus from feasible
contracts is bounded strictly below the first-best surplus level. The bound is straightforward to compute in examples. The
paper thus removes a justification for the restriction to deterministic auditing commonly made in the literature.
Received: July 18, 1997; revised version: February 23, 1998 相似文献
7.
Tomi Kyyrä 《European Economic Review》2010,54(7):911-930
In Finland, unemployed workers who are looking for a full-time job but take up a part-time or very short full-time job may qualify for partial unemployment benefits. In exchange for partial benefits, these applicants must continue their search of regular full-time work. This study analyzes the implications of working on partial benefits for subsequent transitions to regular employment. The timing-of-events approach is applied to distinguish between causal and selectivity effects associated with the receipt of partial benefits. The results suggest that partial unemployment associated with short full-time jobs facilitates transitions to regular employment. Also part-time working on partial benefits may help men (but not women) in finding a regular job afterwards. 相似文献
8.
Richard Layard 《Journal of public economics》1979,12(3):377-385
Education looks more powerful relative to cash redistribution when viewed in the context of lifetime rather than an annual income. The reason is that transitory income and family size affect the pattern of annual cash redistribution and both of them vary less across lifetimes than in individual years. Education may look even more powerful if the lifetime context is taken to include the period of childhood. For it is easier to target education to people whose childhood incomes are low than towards people whose adult incomes will be low. To analyse these issues one needs to compare the equalising power of a policy across income distributions that differ in their initial level of equality. We develop a method of doing this, using the Atkinson equality measure. 相似文献
9.
Dmitri Blueschke Klaus Weyerstrass Boris Majcen Andrej Srakar Miroslav Verbič 《Post - Communist Economies》2019,31(3):325-348
In this article, we use the macroeconometric model SLOPOL10 to calculate simulations of the development of the Slovenian economy until 2030. Starting from the present favourable prospects of the European economies, the forecast is very optimistic but it can nevertheless be improved by optimal fiscal policies as calculated using the OPTCON2 algorithm. If a negative shock to world trade of a size comparable to the Great Recession occurs, it will entail a decline in GDP and a slow recovery. In this case, optimal fiscal policies should not act in an expansionary way as the effectiveness of fiscal policy with respect to output and employment is rather limited in a small open economy like Slovenia. Instead, the goal of budget consolidation will call for a more restrictive fiscal policy, at least if the shock is temporary. 相似文献
10.
11.
In this paper, we study different and, in particular, “optimal” reactions of fiscal (and to some extent monetary) policies
to the financial and economic crisis of 2007–2009 in Slovenia, a small open economy that is part of the Economic and Monetary
Union (EMU). Using an econometric model of the Slovenian economy, we simulate the effects of the global crisis under the assumption
of no-policy reactions, i.e. assuming that macroeconomic policies are conducted without attempting to deal with the effects
of the crisis. Next, we study the possibilities of fiscal policy reducing or even annihilating the effects of the crisis.
We also investigate the optimal reaction of fiscal policies based on the assumption that Slovenian policy-makers behave as
though they were optimizing an objective function. We show that optimal policies call for only a very modestly active countercyclical
role of fiscal policies. There are strong trade-offs between countercyclical fiscal policies and the requirements of fiscal
solvency. 相似文献
12.
13.
This paper examines the effect of formal financial intermediation (inclusion) on informal financial intermediation and the use of cash for economic activities. Using data from the Global Findex 2014, we examine whether the use of formal financial intermediaries reduces cash preference and the use of informal financial intermediaries. Our empirical results show that informal financial intermediation is positively associated with formal financial inclusion. This indicates that the relationship between informal and formal financial intermediation is complementary rather than a trade-off, which demonstrates the importance of informal finance plays in the financial system of Africa. Moreover, the use of formal financial intermediaries significantly reduces the preference for holding cash, implying that a robust financial system infrastructure has the potential of mobilizing excess liquidity in the informal economy of Africa for growth and development. 相似文献
14.
We test whether “detrended fluctuation analysis” (DFA)—an econophysics method—identifies the transition from efficient-market trading to herding behavior and the rise of the NASDAQ dot.com stock market bubble. DFA divides a time series into “segments” of varying lengths and then tests whether power-law distributions exist within the segments. A power-law distribution of stock-price changes within a segment indicates herding behavior and the start of the dot.com bubble. The clarity of the transition indication depends on both segment lengths and segment starting dates. Our findings show that DFA can be used to identify the beginning of stock-market bubbles but not the beginning of crashes. 相似文献
15.
Graziella Bertocchi 《Journal of Economic Growth》2006,11(1):43-70
We study the connection between inheritance systems and the historical evolution of the relationship between a society’s economic
structure and its political system, with a focus on Europe from feudal times. The model predicts that, in an early agrarian
phase, aristocratic political systems prevail, while democracies tend to emerge with industrialization. At the same time,
as indivisible landed estates are replaced by capital as the primary source of wealth, the inheritance system evolves endogenously
from primogeniture to partition. The dynamics of output, distribution, class structure and political participation are in
turn reinforced by the system of intergenerational wealth transmission, with primogeniture tending to concentration and partition
to equalization.
“But the law of inheritance was the last step to equality.”
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835). 相似文献
16.
Christopher Hartwell 《Journal of economic issues》2017,51(1):73-97
The transition from communism to capitalism was necessarily accompanied by a sudden and abrupt increase in the financialization of society. This increase occurred in an environment that, even now, still has little experience with or expertise in financialization. Given that financialization occurred simultaneously with the growth and evolution of other political and economic institutions, the question arises: What was the effect on these other nascent institutions like property rights? This article empirically analyzes the relationship between financialization and property rights in transition countries. Using a unique monthly database of twenty transition countries over a period from 1989 to 2012, this article finds that the influence of financialization depends on which definition of “financialization” is used. In particular, increases in basic financial intermediation improved property rights. However, higher-order “financialization,” proxied here by the size of capital markets and the wages in the financial sector, appeared to have a negative impact on the development of broad-based property rights in transition. 相似文献
17.
MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies - 相似文献
18.
Most pension plans allow a lump sum distribution upon job separation, enabling a subsequent cash-out. In the 1992–2000 HRS, 13% of entitlements were cashed-out, representing 5.3% of entitlement dollars. Among plans with a lump sum option, 20% were cashed out. Cash-outs can be rational and we broadly confirm hypotheses for cash-out determinants, but not that individuals with short expected longevity should wish to disproportionately cash out. Fears of adverse selection into the pool of pensioners with annuity income thus appear unfounded. While we find only limited leakage, it is concentrated among individuals vulnerable to poverty in old age. 相似文献
19.
Alan fnKrupnick Kenneth fnHarrison Eric fnNickell Michael fnToman 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1996,7(4):307-332
This study is an initial effort to estimate one important category of benefits of environmental improvements in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), those related to the effects of air pollution on human health. Our estimates are derived from data on ambient air quality in selected CEE locations, together with a model that links these ambient conditions to physical impacts on health and attaches economic values (in dollar terms) to these impacts. Given data limitations, our focus here is on three pollutants: particulates (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead (Pb). Our data set includes ambient concentrations for these pollutants in four CEE countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Ukraine.Given the ambient data, dose-response functions taken from the clinical and epidemiological literature in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe are used to generate estimates of the change in physical effects. These effects then are given an economic value by applying two approaches for scaling unit valuation figures applicable to the U.S. A Monte Carlo model is constructed to propagate the uncertainties of the dose-response functions and unit values to obtain confidence intervals on the total benefits from pollutant reductions in each country. We examine scenarios where the CEE countries improve ambient conditions for the pollutants in question to meet European Community (EC) standards and then compare these scenarios to ones involving uniform percentage ambient reductions across locations in each country. 相似文献
20.
On 1 January 2007, Slovenia adopted the euro as the first of the ten new EU member states. By means of simulations with SLOPOL6, a macroeconometric model of the Slovene economy, this paper examines the macroeconomic consequences that can be expected from this event. It is shown that after a short period of minor turbulences related to the introduction of the euro, the adoption of the euro brings about higher real GDP growth, a higher GDP level, more employment, lower inflation, a lower price level and improved public finances in the medium run. On the other hand, the current account deteriorates. Financial support from the Province of Carinthia, Klagenfurt University and the Jubilaeumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank (project no. 12166) is gratefully acknowledged. The opinions presented need not be those of the Austrian National Bank. 相似文献