International Trade and the Environment: Theoretical and Policy Linkages

I review and extend three approaches to trade and environmental policies: competitive general equilibrium, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The first two have surprisingly similar implications: deviations from first-best rules are justified only by constraints on policy choice (which motivates what I call a “single dividend” approach to environmental policy), and taxes and emissions standards differ in ways which reflect the Le Chatelier principle. I also show how environmental taxes may lead to a catastrophic relocation of industry in the presence of agglomeration effects, although not necessarily if there is a continuum of industries which differ in pollution intensity. *An earlier version was presented as an invited plenary lecture to the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics Conference, Oslo, 1999.     

重大自然灾害资金筹措及其配置问题研究——源于汶川地震灾害的思考

5·12汶川地震给受灾地区人民生命财产造成了巨大损失,灾难过后,国家迅速筹措各方资金投入应急救灾、安置和灾后重建工作。赈灾筹资渠道应以国家财政角度、金融信贷角度、社会捐赠三方面为主,对赈灾资金筹措必须进行科学管理,完善管理办法。要充分发挥社会舆论监督作用,并从思想上正确认识各种筹资渠道在不同时期的主辅关系和作用,从而适时调整赈灾资金筹措策略和重点,实现赈灾资金筹措与需求的合理匹配。     

International Environmental Agreement and Trade in Environmental Goods: The Case of Kyoto Protocol

Environmental and Resource Economics - The Kyoto Protocol has received much criticism for its effectiveness as well as the spillover effect (i.e. carbon leakage and competitiveness loss). This...     

我国贸易与环境的问题研究

随着我国经济的不断发展,环境保护也成为急需解决的问题.贸易与环境既相互冲突又相互协调,贸易对环境既有正面影响又有负面影响.文章通过数据分析了我国外贸增长与环境破坏之间的关系,由此指出在发展贸易的同时,应减少对环境的污染,达到贸易与环境存在的帕累托最优状态.走可持续发展道路.     

海洋灾害应急管理的国际经验及对我国的启示

我国是海洋灾害频发的国家,海洋灾害对沿海地区经济发展和社会稳定造成很大影响.从海洋灾害应急管理体制、机制、法制和预案体系等方面以及存在的问题,对我国海洋灾害应急管理现状进行分析.基于对适应问题的探讨,并借鉴美日等国在海洋灾害应急管理方面的有益经验,提出了适应海洋灾害的三类措施,即制度性适应措施、工程性适应措施和技术性适应措施.     

多边贸易体制下环境与贸易政策的结合

国际社会对全球环境危机的真实关切使世界贸易组织面临协调环境保护和自由贸易的任务。《建立世界贸易组织》前言第一次明确将可持续发展确立为新的多边贸易体制的基本原则和宗旨。本文首先论证了只有当环境政策和贸易自由化共同发展的时候，贸易才能对环境产生积极的影响，然后说明世界贸易组织的机制使环境和贸易政策的结合成为可能，最后介绍了世界贸易组织有关环境与贸易政策结合的法律与实践，并分析了存在的问题。     

绿色贸易大潮下拓展对外贸易的宏观对策

绿色贸易已成为国际贸易领域势不可挡的趋势 ,世界各国特别是发达国家广泛采取了与贸易有关的环保措施 ,影响中国对外贸易中的市场准入和竞争力。在此背景下拓展对外贸易 ,从宏观上看可有多种举措 ,突出的三点包括 :国际合作中维护中国的权益、培育绿色经济和绿色消费者、通过出口产品结构绿色化提高国际竞争力。     

国际贸易、FDI与资源环境关系的现实、理论与启示

文章立足发展中国家视角,把国际贸易、FDI与资源环境的现实冲突归结成资源环境掠夺和污染转移两个方面,对国际贸易、FDI与资源环境关系的相关理论基于理论假说的分类进行了评述,并对我国如何处理这三者关系提出了建议.     

The Role of Trade and International Economic Policy in Indian Economic Performance*

India's economic policies have undergone major reforms since the early 1990s. Before that, government regulation and control of economic activity was pervasive, and the trade sector did very poorly. One consequence was that imports were highly restricted and their scarcity was itself a major constraint on growth. After the crisis of the early1990s, trade policy was substantially liberalized. In this paper, the pre‐1990s regime is first briefly described. Thereafter, the economic policy reforms that impinged most directly on the trade sector are set forth, and the response of exports and imports to those changes is outlined. Exports have grown rapidly, from about 5% of the gross domestic product to around 15%, and they continue to grow at an average annual rate of 20%. Improved performance of the trade sector has been a major contributing factor to India's dramatically accelerated growth performance. A final section of this paper assesses the current situation, and sets forth the major policy challenges that will need to be met if that performance is to be sustained, if not improved upon.     

汇率波动与国际贸易量的不确定性关系-基于中国的经验证据

对于汇率波动与国际贸易量的关系,学界一直存有很大争议,但经验检验尚不足以为理论分析提供有说服力的证据.本文着重在如下三个细节方面做深做细:第一,更精确地测算汇率波动,发现并注重汇率波动对冲击可能存在的非对称特征;第二,以严格的内生性检验指导工具变量的应用;第三,模型设定采用联立方程同时考察出口需求和供给.文章发现,无论是贸易方向上还是贸易方式上,均没有理由认为汇率波动显著影响了出口需求,但汇率波动却显著抑制了中国的出口供给.     

汇率波动与国际贸易量的不确定性关系-基于中国的经验证据

对于汇率波动与国际贸易量的关系,学界一直存有很大争议,但经验检验尚不足以为理论分析提供有说服力的证据。本文着重在如下三个细节方面做深做细:第一,更精确地测算汇率波动,发现并注重汇率波动对冲击可能存在的非对称特征;第二,以严格的内生性检验指导工具变量的应用;第三,模型设定采用联立方程同时考察出口需求和供给。文章发现,无论是贸易方向上还是贸易方式上,均没有理由认为汇率波动显著影响了出口需求,但汇率波动却显著抑制了中国的出口供给。     

Why Democracies Cooperate More and Fight Less: The Relationship Between International Trade and Cooperation

This paper provides an economics-based interpretation of the standard finding in the literature that democracies rarely fight each other. A general theory of conflict between two countries is presented and empirical analysis applies this theory to the question of why democracies rarely fight each other. The results show that the fundamental factor in causing bilateral cooperation is trade. Countries seek to protect wealth gained through international trade, therefore trading partners are less combative than nontrading nations. Democratic dyads trade more than nondemocratic dyads, and thus exhibit less conflict and more cooperation.     

International Trade and Environmental Regulation: Time Series Evidence and Cross Section Test

This paper examines empiricallywhether more stringent domestic environmental policiesreduce the international competitiveness ofenvironmentally sensitive goods (ESGs). Our timeseries evidence indicates that there are no systematicchanges in trade patterns of ESGs in the last threedecades, despite the introduction of more stringentenvironmental regulations in most of the developedcountries in the 1970s and 1980s. This observedphenomenon is then subjected to a multi-countryeconometric test using an extended gravity-equationframework. The test suggests that, overall, morestringent environmental regulations do not reducetotal exports, exports of ESGs and exports ofnon-resource-based ESGs. Neither was there anyevidence to support the hypothesis that new tradebarriers emerge to offset the effects of morestringent environmental regulations.     

策略性环境政策:环境税和减排补贴的比较分析

文章把战略性贸易政策模型扩展到环境领域,策略性环境政策认为政府有动机通过降低环境标准补贴出口企业,以达到利润转移的目的.文章分析了策略性环境政策中比较受忽视的一部分--环境技术补贴,本国政府结合使用环境税和减排补贴,我们验证了政府使用策略性环境政策的动机,得到了最优的污染排放税率,认为虽然环境政策仍旧不能消除生产带来的环境损害,但是环境技术补贴提高了本国的环境标准,企业会更少地遇到绿色壁垒报复.     

论战略性贸易政策与制度环境的稳定性

战略性贸易政策理论主张政府应积极干预存在超额利润或技术外溢效应的寡头垄断产业以实现本国社会净福利的最大化.然而最终是否能实现预期的干预效果与制度环境密切相关.本文通过研究表明保持一个稳定的制度环境对欲实施战略性贸易政策的国家而言是最优的选择.     

电子商务环境下规模经济与国际贸易理论的新发展

规模经济理论是解释行业内贸易的重要工具.电子商务的发展进一步加强了行业内贸易的趋势,贸易国在技术、信息资源等方面的比较差异越来越小,企业依托互联网可以提供更加差异化的产品.比较优势理论对国际贸易,尤其是对工业化国家之间贸易的解释力度进一步降低.本文将探讨在电子商务环境下,规模经济对国际贸易的解释力度和新的变化.     

中国对外贸易与经济增长相互关系的实证研究

本文基于1978~2004年全国的时间序列数据,对中国对外贸易与经济增长之间的关系进行了格兰杰因果关系检验,并进一步以协整分析技术和误差修正模型分析了对外贸易的两个方面———出口和进口对经济增长的长期和短期效应。文章得到以下结果:中国经济的快速增长是进出口贸易增加的格兰杰成因;长期内,出口、进口与国内生产总值之间存在稳定的均衡关系,且进口较之出口对经济增长的促进作用强;短期内,出口几乎不对经济增长起促进作用,而进口对经济增长具有一定的促进作用。     

中美贸易中隐含的碳排放以及贸易环境效应——基于环境投入产出法的实证分析

中美贸易的巨额逆差带来的不仅仅是贸易问题,还包括一系列的环境问题。利用环境投入产出模型测算1997年-2009年中美贸易中所隐含的CO2排放量,得出如下结论:中美贸易中中国大部分行业污染贸易条件均大于1,且呈不断恶化趋势;出口规模越大、贸易竞争力越强的产业单位出口的CO2排放强度越小,中国出口美国的产品与污染品并无必然联系;美国对华FDI转移并未引起美国污染产业向中国转移,而全球FDI向华转移使得"污染天堂"理论在华成立;中国出口CO2排放速度低于其出口速度,单位出口的CO2排放强度呈下降趋势;改变中国污染顺差国的地位,中国需加强对美国污染品的进口,积极改变粗放型的生产方式,加快对价值链高端清洁产品的生产。