Jacques Maritain and human rights

Jacques Maritain’s concern and thoughts on human rights and natural law are analyzed and studies in the context of the humanist tradition of mankind. For this, St. Thomas Aquinas-J. Maritain types of law: 1) the natural law, 2) the people law, and 3) the positive law are discussed in relation to the three Maritain characteristics of the human being, i.e., wholeness, independence, and belonging to a society of human beings. From these considerations emerges the superadditive property of society, which is in complete agreement with Aristotle's principe that the whole is more than the addition of its parts. Maritain’s concept of normal functioning (doing) jointly with the ontological (being) and the teleological (the goals) dimensions of the human being and society form the basic framework for the analysis of the individualistic, the communist, and the humanistic types of society. This study concludes with the proposition of 1) freedom 2) economic efficiency, 3) social justice, and 4) preservation of the human species and its natural habitat, as the four essential principles for the realization of human rights in a society of societies.     

Aristotle's analysis of bilateral exchange: an early formal approach to the bargaining problem

Exchange, as analysed by Aristotle in the Nichomachean Ethics, should be viewed as a bilateral relation to be approached not as a market phenomenon but in terms of cooperation between two contractors. This paper accordingly proposes a reconsideration of Aristotle's analysis in the light of modern bargaining theory. This reconsideration reconciles the two principles of distributive and corrective justice as ruling simultaneously exchange relations through the figures of geometric and arithmetic proportions, respectively. It also suggests a new reconstitution of the missing diagram supposedly illustrating Aristotle's analysis, which — contrary to the conventional square endowed with diagonals, used since Albertus Magnus' commentary — fits the function to which such a diagram was probably designed, that of exhibiting Aristotle's solution to the bargaining problem.     

Aristotle vs. Plato: The classical origins of capitalist & socialist political economies*

Competing definitions of justice in Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics indicate the existence of two distinct economic systems with different priorities. The three-class society of the Platonic economy (guardians, auxiliaries, producers) gives rise to guardians who by virtue are expected to enforce output targets on producers directly or through auxiliaries. The three-class society of the Aristotelian economy (rich, middle, poor) facilitates the emergence of different ruling coalitions and compensates the efficiency losses of central planning with political gains derived from representative governance. In the Aristotelian economy, the middle class is better off than in the Platonic economy (auxiliaries), because a just society (polity) is achieved under its coalition with the rich. I argue that the equilibrium solutions of the Platonic and Aristotelian economic systems provide analytical insights on the origins of capitalist and socialist political economies.     

Jacques Maritain and human rights

Jacques Maritain’s concern and thoughts on human rights and natural law are analyzed and studies in the context of the humanist tradition of mankind. For this, St. Thomas Aquinas-J. Maritain types of law: 1) the natural law, 2) the people law, and 3) the positive law are discussed in relation to the three Maritain characteristics of the human being, i.e., wholeness, independence, and belonging to a society of human beings. From these considerations emerges the superadditive property of society, which is in complete agreement with Aristotle's principe that the whole is more than the addition of its parts.     

论“和谐社会”与“以人为本”的现代意义

马克思主义关于“和谐社会”的建设和“以人为本”的人的全面发展观,这二者构成了一个统一的整体。“和谐社会”为人的全面发展提供环境支持,人的全面发展反过来又推动社会的和谐进步。在当代中国,“和谐社会”和“以人为本”这两个概念已经被提升到了治国方略的高度,但现实生活中,不和谐、不以人为本的情况仍大量存在,究其原因,既有制度上的问题,又有中国社会各阶层差异性不断扩大所导致的各种矛盾等问题。如何实现二者的现代化结合,对于新时期发展中国特色社会主义和不断体现马克恩主义强大生命力、创造力和感召力有着重要意义。     

Pigou on philosophy and religion

Abstract

This article discusses a group of essays on ethical issues written by Pigou between 1900 and 1908. It is argued that they contain the foundations of his economic philosophy. Pigou's research on the meaning and content of the good merged into his definition of welfare, and his interest in religion as a subjective experience resurfaced in the subjective framework of his economics. A methodological pragmatism informed his economics as well as his ethics; moreover, the endorsement of interpersonal comparisons of the good in the ethical texts was consistent with Pigou's adoption of utility comparisons in welfare economics. Pigou's philosophical pessimism was reflected in his analysis of the economic evils of society, eventually leading to his advocacy of governmental intervention to foster economic welfare. The article contends that Pigou's philosophy derived not only from Sidgwick, as commonly believed, but also from G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica.     

行业自律视角下知识产权服务行业“一业多会”机制研究

现阶段,知识产权服务行业实行的“一业一会”机制在行业自律方面发挥着显著作用,但也存在因其垄断地位导致的竞争活力缺乏以及独立性不足等问题。而“一业多会”机制无论是从权力来源的合法性还是从市场经济发展的内在需求来论证都是具有可行性的。但就目前“一业多会”机制的试点工作而言,在行业自律层面,均难以形成一套统一且行之有效的职业道德规范,对行业自律产生了弱化作用。因而,建立一套统一且行之有效的执业纪律和职业道德规范是关键,同时应辅之以完善的知识产权服务行业协会“准入—退出”机制以及完善的监督体制,共同促进知识产权服务业的健康有序发展。     

加强师德师风建设创建高校和谐环境

师德师风是教师的职业道德修养及其表现出来的思想和工作作风,师德师风建设是教师队伍建设的核心内容,是加强和改进学校德育工作、促进高校和谐发展、提高教育质量的关键环节.和谐校园的创建是构建和谐社会的重要组成部分,和谐校园的创建必须有一支高水平、高质量、高素质的和谐教师队伍,而良好的师德师风又是建设高水平教师队伍的前提.     

Reflections on EU Geopolitics: Consolidation,Neighbourhood and Civil Society in the Reordering of European Space

Civil society observations of the EU's geopolitical impacts on its immediate neighbourhood provide a nuanced ‘ground-up’ perspective that eschews historically deterministic interpretations of the EU's role in the world. While this article is limited to Eastern Europe, it nevertheless highlights some of the challenges facing the EU's visions of ‘Neighbourhood’ as multilateral and multilayered regional co-operation. After a brief theoretical introduction, the article first characterizes the EU's geopolitics as a dual project of consolidation and ideational projection; that is as two projects of re-ordering – re-territorializing – interstate relationships. It then addresses three specific and interrelated questions with regard to civil society: 1) how do the EU and its policies affect civil society co-operation agendas and practises, 2) to what extent does civil society participate in the co-development of Neighbourhood Policy and 3) how do civil society actors perceive the role of the EU in promoting cross-border and regional co-operation within the ‘Neighbourhood’? One central issue in developing these questions is that of establishing ‘common’ European values as a condition for successful co-operation. Civil society actors must simultaneously operate within different, often competing, socio-political contexts. A balance between situational ethics and more generally accepted notions of (European) values is thus essential.     

国家治理视域下科技伦理审查的制度路径

为应对科学研究活动可能产生的伦理道德问题,我国建立起以伦理审查委员会为主体的伦理审查制度。由于制度安排及体制机制存在先天不足与运行梗阻,运行中针对审查权缺乏有效监管,伦理审查未能达到预期风险防范效果,反而屡屡曝出有违伦理道德的学术丑闻。分析科技伦理审查的价值以及伦理审查制度安排的不足,最后提出,基于伦理审查较强的公权属性与公益目标价值,应以确立“风险预防”为核心的更加审慎的审查原则,优化审查主体建制模式,强化对伦理审查的监督与制约,以及加快伦理审查统合性立法进程,作为伦理审查制度完善走向,为科技发展扎紧伦理“篱笆”,推动科学技术“向善”良性发展。     

论在科学发展观指导下的财经职业道德建设

财经职业道德是社会主义道德的重要组成部分,贯彻落实科学发展观是构建和谐社会、实现全面小康社会目标的必然要求,也是财经职业道德建设的重要内容。加强财经职业道德建设,必须以科学发展观作指导。按照科学发展观的要求,坚持财经职业道德建设的基本原则和要求,坚持诚信服务的道德建设目标,提高“以人为本”的财经服务意识,促进经济又好又快发展。     

"Thank God . . . I Thought for a Moment You Were Going to Confess to Converting to Socialism!": Gender and Identity in Deirdre McCLoskey's Crossing

"Thank God . . . I thought for moment you were going to confess to converting to socialism! 'critiques McCloskey's account of her transition from a heterosexual male professor of "Chicago school" economics to a female, "free-market feminist." McCloskey's account raises fascinating questions for all feminists regarding both one's definitions of gender, and the institutions and practices which reinforce gender boundaries. At the same time, McCloskey's account is found to be lacking in certain respects. For example, she pays insufficient attention to the implications of gender for rational-choice, free-market economic theories, and she insufficiently contextualizes her definitions of masculinity/femininity to a particular class and race in the late 20th century US.     

儒家乐论与道德涵养刍议

儒家哲学从来都是生命的学问。＂乐＂作为儒家文明中重要的一支,也一直涵养着中国人的道德生命和精神生命。同时＂以乐化德＂,在具体实践中是有它的可操作性。用乐来涵养道德不仅符合现代人的认知方式,让人比较容易接受,而且这种潜移默化可以达到移风易俗的作用,形成悠久的良好社会风气。     

Globalization,Gender And The Davos Man

Using Karl Polanyi's analysis of the social construction of markets in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe, the paper applies his analysis to the formation of global markets in the late twentieth century. The paper argues that Polanyi's work needs to be engendered in order to take into consideration women's and men's different links to the market and to understand the construction of "economic man" gone global. The paper also addresses the feminization of the labor force across the globe and the possible effects on women's behavior and on the construction of "economic woman." The concluding section discusses alternative interpretations of this behavior.     

Adam Smith's Ethics and the “Noble Arts” 1

Adam Smith's character-based ethical system lays the foundation for his vision of the social and economic good. Within this system, the arts perform a critical role. Smith's essays “Of the Imitative Arts” and his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres are useful companions to The Theory of Moral Sentiments in analyzing the mechanisms whereby literature and the arts excite moral development. The arts stretch the boundaries of imagination and perspective, stimulating self-awareness and self-reflective growth. When combined with rational thought, decision-making takes place through an internal dialogue in which this wider perspective weighs upon one's “impartial spectator” and becomes the background for action. According to this view, the arts provide positive externalities for society and should be encouraged through public policy. The arts promote a conversation that becomes part of the common goods of society, including that of science.     

Culture and Economics: On Values,Economics and International Business

In his Idea of Justice, Amartya Sen compares the two basic approaches to evaluating institutions, transcendental institutionalism and realization-focused comparisons. Referring to Adam Smith's Impartial Spectator, he argues in favor of the latter and proposes the principle of open impartiality. However, this cannot solve the tension between universalism and contextualization of values that Sen has inherited from Smith. Based on recent Hegel scholarship, we argue that some of the difficulties can be resolved, considering the role Smith played in the development of Hegel's thinking. Hegel's concept of recognition plays an essential role in establishing the possibility of impartiality both on the level of consciousness and on the level of institutional intersubjectivity. Hegel's critique of Kant's formalist ethics (also considered as transcendental institutionalism by Sen) and his analysis of the civil society in the Philosophy of Right, especially his focus on associations and Estates, can serve as a model for making Sen's focus on public discourse theoretically more concise and pragmatically feasible. Hegel shows that universalistic attitudes can only emerge in specific institutional contexts.     

论社会信用关系形成的道德基础

市场经济是以理性化为特征的信用经济或法治经济,需要以自由、平等、信用和契约为基础来建立一种普遍性的交换关系.我国正处在经济体制转轨时期,市场规则和市场秩序尚不健全,离开道德主体人格的塑造和政府信用与企业信用关系的良性互动,要构建和谐社会的信用道德基础,只能是一句空话.要真正发挥道德的调节功能,不仅要在全社会范围内建立符合社会主义市场经济内在要求的道德体系,还要同提高社会参与者的整体素质结合起来,这样才能发挥伦理道德这种"支持性资源"的作用,促进社会信用关系的健康发展.     

数字科技伦理监管的澳大利亚实践与启示

随着科技与社会的不断进步,数字科技逐渐成为了民众日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,相应地,在数字科技发展过程中所引发的科技伦理问题也愈发明显。作为较早的践行者,澳大利亚数字科技伦理监管的发展历程和实践经验能为我国数字科技伦理监管提供一定的启示和借鉴。本文对澳大利亚政府、行业组织与协会、大学与研究机构、社会媒体、企业五大监管主体在数字科技伦理监管体系中发挥的作用进行分析,解构了澳大利亚对数字科技伦理监管中用户隐私保护、信息获取自由与消费者数据权利、人工智能道德与负责任人工智能研发三大重点议题的政策布局。在此基础上,概括出澳大利亚数字科技伦理监管的四大制度安排,即制定战略目标、完善法律法规、加强资源建设能力、建立多方合作机制。最后借鉴澳大利亚的经验,对中国数字科技伦理监管提出四个方面的建议,包括构建多层次的治理框架、明确伦理监重点、强制性与自愿性相结合、重视数字科技伦理教育。     

现代企业伦理的基本特征及构建策略

现代企业越来越重视企业伦理对企业发展的影响。企业伦理是指以企业为行为主体,以企业经营管理的伦理理念为核心,企业在处理企业与出资者,企业与员工、企业与企业、企业与国家、企业与社会、企业与环境关系中的伦理精神、道德规范以及实践的总和。     

The Bard of Savagery: Thorstein Veblen and Modern Social Theory

The hypothesis of this paper is that a detailed history of a specific location and period is more effective for isolating the important characteristics of institutions than studies which span multiple millennia across the globe. To illustrate this hypothesis, I examine three Italian city-states in the period between eleventh and sixteenth centuries. This was a time when the "commercial revolution" was underway in these city-states. As a result, there were institutional innovations in settlement patterns, work organization, and self-governing institutions to help provide for mutual defense and for the internalization of gains from long-distance trade. I contrast this case study with the methodology and findings employed by Douglass C. North, John J. Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast (2009) in Violence and Social Orders. Rather than analyze the importance of beliefs and the protection of property rights as in prior work of theirs, the authors here focus on the "Schumpeterian competition" between impersonal organizations as an effective institutional form to control violence. Moreover, the timeframe of their book extends to "all recorded human history." In contrast to North, Wallis, and Weingast's approach, I concentrate on Genoa, Florence, and Venice in an effort to explain more effectively the emergence of the public/private divide and the relationship between politics and economics in modern industrial society. Experimentation in medieval Italy in mediating conflict between newly emerging classes, innovating in public finance to support the military, and focusing on broad civic participation in the political process had a lasting impact on the development of the state as an institution.