个人收入分配中不平等度的评判——基于市场分割的收入差距分解分析

收入差距问题受到了全社会的广泛关注,其中的问题令人担忧。本文运用2007年的宏观经济数据,基于市场分割对居民的收入差距采用泰尔指数法进行分解分析,结果发现在不同行业门类、地区和所有制对劳动市场进行分割的影响下,东部地区,新兴部门和制造业的居民内部的不平等程度较大,而三大区域之间和行业门类之间的不平等程度过大。     

Inequality and Income Distribution in Global Value Chains

Global value chains (GVCs), led by transnational corporations (TNCs), have reshaped the world division of labor over the past two decades. GVCs are pervasive in low technology manufacturing, such as textile and apparel, as well as in more advanced industries like automobiles, electronics, and machines. This hierarchical division of labor generates wild competition at the lower value-added stages of production, where low wages and low profit margins prevail for workers and contract manufacturers in developing countries. At the top of the hierarchy another kind of competition prevails, centered on the ability to monitor and control intellectual property rights related to innovation, finance, and marketing. We argue that GVCs have had crucial effects on income inequality and the appropriation of rents in modern capitalism.     

居民收入分配现状与价值判断

国内学者对居民收入差距的实证研究已经达到了比较高的水平，但是对居民收入分配进行规范研究却还是一个崭新的课题。本文旨在将价值判断引入收入分配领域，并设计出衡量居民收入分配合理程度的规范指数。文章先对中、美两国居民收入差距与收入分配状况作了比较，然后对我国居民收入分配的现状进行了综合评价，简要分析了居民收入差距过大对公平与效率的影响，并指出了现阶段调节国内居民收入差距的努力方向。     

论收入分配理论的历史演变和劳动价值论的实践价值

马克思的劳动价值论继承和发展了斯密、李嘉图等人承认人类财富主要来源于劳动的理论 ,既表明了劳动与物的共性 ,又表明了劳动与物的区别 ,为我们结合现代实际建立适合我国先进生产力发展要求和最广大劳动人民根本利益的收入分配理论 ,奠定了最重要的理论基础。在马克思劳动价值论的基础上 ,创立适合中国实际和需要的能够解放劳动、保护劳动的收入分配基础理论 ,是顺应历史发展潮流 ,符合经济学现代趋势 ,适应中国发展要求 ,是一项具有重要实践价值的工作。     

Income Distribution and Redistribution

Abstract:

It seems that some observable structural trends in recent decades such as globalization, skills-biased technological advances and level of unionization all over the world have been affected by income distribution, in addition to other economic variables. The latest trends in the 2000s exhibited a widening gap between the rich and the poor not only in some of the already high inequality countries, but also in traditionally low inequality countries. In order to mitigate inequality, many countries have followed redistribution policies (taxes and transfers). In this article, we will mainly focus on the effects of redistribution policies consisting of income taxes and social transfers on income inequality using the micro data in Turkey. Additionally, since financial crises have been becoming more important with increasing frequency of crises all over the world, we also search for the effects of crises on inequality and the degree of mitigation of redistributive policies, especially during the Global Recession.     

劳动价值理论深化和我国收入分配制度改革--兼论如何看待中国"有产者"

劳动价值是马克思主义经济学的基石，其历史功绩在于揭示了当时资本主义生产方式的运动特点和基本矛盾。发展社会主义市场经济，应该结合新的实际，深化对社会主义社会劳动和劳动价值理论的认识。文章着重探讨了国企经营者的劳动和收入以及如何看等中国有产者的问题。     

技术变化与收入分配

本文以20世纪70年代的信息技术革命为背景，运用美国商务部经济统计局生产率数据库，在此较五，六十年代和七、八十年代工资结构的基础上，提出了一个简单的技术变化模型。通过模型以及与经验观察相一致的实证研究，指出技术变化引起工人工资不平等的两种渠道；直接的途径是对于既定的资本劳动力比率来说，新技术能生产更多的产量；间接的途径是资本从非技能工人流向技能工人，从而使得前者的人均资本在技术变化前变得更少，本文的结论是：运用革命性的新技术对传统行业进行改造，构成了经济增长的最终主体，人力资本水平之高低越来越影响到最终经济的财富的总量。     

International Trade as Determined by Income and Income Distribution

Abstract

In standard trade theory, consumption is normally assumed to be homothetic. Consequently, income and its distribution have no role in determining international trade patterns. This paper examines the assumption and its implications. The assumption of homothetic preferences is rejected at the 1% level. It further demonstrates that the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model modified by allowing for non-homothetic taste improves the performance of HOV prediction and explains some of the trade puzzles and paradoxes.     

Income Distribution and Demand-Induced Innovations

We introduce non-homothetic preferences into an innovation-based growth model and study how income and wealth inequality affect economic growth. We identify a (positive) price effect—where increasing inequality allows innovators to charge higher prices and (negative) market-size effects—with higher inequality implying smaller markets for new goods and/or a slower transition of new goods into mass markets. It turns out that price effects dominate market-size effects. We also show that a redistribution from the poor to the rich may be Pareto improving for low levels of inequality.     

收入分配与乘数效应

传统的乘数理论忽视了收入分配因素，因此在宏观经济政策分析中有很大局限性。论文以我国城镇居民微观消费行为的分析为基础，建立了引入收入分配因素的乘数效应模型，并根据我国近年来的统计数据作了验证，证实它与我国的经验是一致的。由此可以得出收入再分配政策与财政政策，货币政策在方向上具有一致性的政策结论。     

收入分配、财产分配和渐进改革--纪念《经济社会体制比较》杂志创刊20周年

首先。我想谈一谈收入分配问题。收入分配是整个社会经济系统中一个十分重要的子系统。收入分配的状况不仅影响生产的效率，而且影响人们的切身利益，从而影响社会的协调与稳定。从1988年以来，我和国内外一些同行合作研究中国居民收入分配问题，出版了《中国居民收入分配研究》和《中国居民收入分配再研究》等书。通过系统的实证分析，我认为应该客观全面地看待中国经济改革和经济发展过程中收入分配格局的变化。在这些变化中，有三个问题特别值得重视。     

收入分配的首要问题:差距过大还是分配不公

目前我国的收入分配问题包括收入差距过大和收入分配不公两个方面,收入差距过大不等于收入分配不公;收入分配的首要问题不是收入差距过大,而是收入分配不公;当务之急是采取切实可行的有效措施,重点解决好目前令人担忧的收入分配不公的问题,把我国的收入差距控制在合理适度的范围之内。     

Income Distribution,Econophysics and Piketty

Piketty, Atkinson and Saez have put the analysis of income distribution back on center stage. The distinction between property income and labor income plays a central role in this framework. Property income derives from the rate of return on stocks of income-earning wealth and is more unequally distributed than labor income. Piketty argues that, because the rate of return (r) is generally greater than the rate of growth of the economy (g), property income tends to grow more rapidly than labor income, so that rising income inequality is an intrinsic tendency of capitalism despite interruptions due to world wars and great depressions. This article argues the exact opposite. The rise of unions and the welfare state were the fruits of long-term historical gains made by labor, and the postwar constraints on real and financial capital arose in sensible reaction to the Great Depression. The ‘neoliberal’ era beginning in the 1980s significantly rolled back all of these. The article uses the econophysics two-class argument of Yakovenko to show that we can explain the empirical degree of inequality using two factors alone: the profit share and the degree of financialization of income. The rise of inequality in the neoliberal era then derives from a reduction in the wage share (rise in the profit share) in the face of assaults on labor and the welfare state, and a sharp increase in the financialization of incomes as financial controls are weakened. These are inherently socio-political outcomes, and what was lost can be regained. Hence, there is no inevitable return to Piketty’s ‘patrimonial capitalism’.     

Personal Income Distribution and Market Structure

Income distribution affects market demand and its elasticity, and, as a consequence, the optimal behaviour of firms and market equilibrium. This paper focuses on the effects of income polarization, and presents a model where – for any unimodal density function describing income distribution of the consumers – income polarization leads to market concentration, i.e., to a smaller number of firms able to survive in the long run, provided that the firms' fixed costs are sufficiently low.     

Share Ribs and Income Distribution*

The connection between changes in commodity prices and the distribution of income is a question of active interest since the 1941 Stolper-Samuelson Theorem. In higher dimensions results are obtained only if structure is imposed. Here we assume that each of n-industries is alike in the shape of the profile (rib) of distributive factor shares with a permutation of factor numbering such that industry n is most intensive in factor n. Such a structure reveals either a strong version of the Stolper Samuelson Theorem or a Neighborhood oscillation pattern depending on the shape of the share ribs.     

教育均衡与中国区域间收入分配

本文利用受教育年限、人力资本及个人收入之间的关系,对省区间教育均衡性进行研究,分析教育均衡对个人收入影响的相关关系,结论表明:我国各省区间教育差距与人力资本存量呈负相关关系,但受教育总体水平有向均衡发展的趋势。以此,政府应加大对落后地区的投入,提高这类地区的人力资本存量,以促进各地区教育的均衡发展、缩小区域间的收入差距。     

Income Distribution and the Demand Constraint

This paper argues thatthe interaction between inequality and the demand patterns forgoods is a potential source of persistent inequality. Incomedistribution, in the presence of non-homothetic preferences,affects the demand for goods and, due to differences in factorintensities across sectors, it alters the return to factors ofproduction and the initial distribution of income. Low inequalityleads to high demand for medium skilled intensive goods, providinga bridge over which low skill dynasties may transition to thehigh-skilled sector in the long run. Under high inequality however,the initial lack of demand for medium skilled labor breachesthis bridge from poverty to prosperity and inequality persists.