The Federal Budget and Social Reconstruction

Automakers are facing a growing process of financialization that can be characterized by the preference to value capital through financial activities as more profitable than by productive activities. The aim of this article is to study the financialization of the automotive industry by analyzing the five largest automakers in the world: Toyota, Volkswagen, Hyundai, General Motors (GM) and Ford. The profitability of financial activities was compared to that of productive activities; shareholder structure; share acquisitions; origin of top managers; compensation to executives; employee salaries; dividend payments to shareholders and employment. The results showed that increasingly more financial activities are fundamental to businesses dominated by major shareholders. Dividend payments have shown compliance to shareholder value maximization principles. Compensation to executives has shown that there is a layer of highly paid top managers, while in the workforce, salaries are below the average of the countries in which the automakers operate. The proportion of times that a CEO’s earnings outweigh the average earnings of less skilled workers is hundreds of times. Employment has been changing, with significant increases in China, for instance. This article aims to improve the knowledge of this important sector of world industry and contribute to development of economic sociology.     

The Impact of the Welfare State and Social Policy on the Working Population: The Recent British Experience

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”     

美联储超常规政策退出分析

2009年下半年以来,尤其是进入2010年,美联储超常规金融救助政策“退出”的迹象越来越明显。美联储的政策“退出”将选择先“数量”（缩减流动性投放、降低存款机构超额准备金水平）、后“价格”（加息）的路径。目前尚处于论证和测试的阶段。由于超常规政策退出面临多种困难和障碍,美联储的“退出”将是谨慎、缓慢、渐进的,并将根据经济前景和金融市场状况的变化进行调整。我国应密切跟踪美联储的政策动向,做好宏观调控预案,及时出台相应政策。     

Technological forecasting activities in selected U.S. Federal Agencies

A research of seven technically oriented Federal agencies was made to determine: (1) the extent of technological forecasting activities are being conducted; (2) the extent these agencies apply technological forecasting; and (3) to identify the mechanism of technological forecasting application.     

Policy Influences on Unemployment: the European Experience

This paper considers the implications of four kinds of labour market policies for the 1980s rise in European unemployment: unemployment compensation, active labour market policies, employment protection legislation and taxation. It finds evidence that all have played a role in the determination of unemployment and discusses the mechanisms involved, the extent of the influence of each and the lessons learned from this experience. One of the main findings is that there is a trade‐off between wage inequality and unemployment. Policy has played a role in determining how a country responded to the negative macroeconomic shocks of the 1980s but policy alone cannot explain the full rise in European unemployment and North American wage inequality.     

Social Movements and Development In Quebec: The Experience of the Desjardins Movement

Along with the other sectors of the banking industry over the last two decades, the savings and credit cooperatives have been affected by deep currents which are radically changing their form and structure. In Quebec, the Desjardins movement is at present involved in a fundamental reform of the organizational structures which have characterized its growth since the period between the two world wars. This article deals with the major transformations which the Desjardins movement experienced, from the creation of the first caisse populaire in 1900 to the situation existing at the end of the twentieth century. Using an approach at the junction of history and sociology, it considers the Desjardins movement as one of the components of what Alain Touraine calls a 'social development movement'. We aim to show that the present changes affecting the savings and credit cooperation fall within the long-term historical trends, while at the same time reflecting new phenomena. We shall point out the most significant aspects of these new developments.     

次贷危机背景下美联储的危机政策理念

本文结合以往的危机干预经验,以美联储的次贷危机应对措施为重点,分析、归纳美联储危机政策操作的理念.在这次危机处理中,美联储秉持实用主义原则,在流动性工具上进行了大胆创新,注资范围也大大扩展,同时多次大幅度降息,这些激进的、创新的举措是与当前美联储所面对的复杂的、严峻的局面相称的.这些创新大大丰富了央行应对危机的手段,提高了解决危机的能力,但同时也可能带来道德风险问题.     

国外政策性银行运作的经验与启示

国外政策性银行成立的历史较长，积累了较为丰富的运作经验。通过三三家国外政策性银行成立背景及功能演变，资金来源和融资模式，运作特点和风险防范，监管等的经验可知，我国政策性银行成立运作的启动是规范运作，解决好融资问题，积极开展经营等。     

美联储货币政策与中国跨境资本流动

运用STR模型就美联储货币政策对中国短期跨境资本流动的影响机制进行了实证研究。结果证实在不同的中美利差水平下,各影响渠道对中国短期跨境资本流动的冲击影响存在非线性特征。当前背景下,中美利差位于低位区间。利差对资本流动的正向影响显著增强,而宏观基本面和汇率的当期冲击效应并未发生变化,但其影响持续期显著缩短;美联储"数量型"货币政策对跨境资本流动的负向影响则有所加剧。针对这一结论,从完善跨境资本流动管理,加强监测、分析;保持汇率稳定,妥善有序推进人民币国际化及保持良好投资环境和经济基本面三方面提出建议,以缓解未来美联储进一步加息及停止缩表对中国短期跨境资本可能造成的外流压力加剧、波幅扩大等问题。     

美联储制定和执行货币政策的历史演变

美国制定和实施货币政策的历史实际上是各种货币政策工具的作用和实施技术逐步演化的过程，其中操作程序的形成和发展对美联储当前制定和执行货币政策具有重要意义。根据货币政策的操作程序，美联储自从1970年以来采用了三种不同的操作程序：1970-1979年是货币增长和联邦基金率操作程序，1979～1982年是货币总量和非借入准备金操作程序。1983年至今是联邦基金率、货币与经济目标和借入准备金操作程序。从三种货币政策工具的重要性来看，贴现率是联储成立之初的重要手段，30年代以后逐渐由法定准备金率所取代，50年代以后公开市场操作日趋成熟，并成为联储目前的主要政策工具。本文对美联储操作程序的演变过程进行了详细的探讨，并对各种操作程序的特点进行了总结。     

政府资产会计的政策选择——以美国联邦政府为例

本文在准确理解和把握政府运营环境与企业运营环境本质差异及其对政府会计活动影响的基础上,以美国联邦政府为例,对政府资产会计的主要政策选择问题及五大主要关系维度展开了分析。