Effects of Transport Regulation on the Oil Market: Does Market Power Matter?

Instruments used to regulate the consumption of oil in the transport sector include fuel taxes, biofuel requirements, and fuel‐efficiency standards. However, the effects that these have on oil consumption and price vary. If market power is present in the oil market, the directions of change in consumption and price might contrast with those in a competitive market. As a result, the market structure affects not only the effectiveness of the policy instruments used to reduce oil consumption, but also the terms of trade and carbon leakage. In particular, reduced oil consumption, as a result of increased fuel‐efficiency standards, will unambiguously increase the price of oil under a monopoly.     

世界石油市场新格局

<正> 2001年世界石油市场回顾油价在调整中总体下滑 2001年,石油价格走出了一条整体下滑的曲线。截至11月底,国际市场布伦特原油平均价为25.42美元/桶,同比降低11.6％;欧佩克一揽子油价为23.72美元,同比下降4.34％。根据路透社对全球20多家包括德意志银行和摩根士丹利等著名投资银行的最新油价预测调查结果显示,2001年布伦特原油平均价为25.4美元/桶。去年世界石油价格以美国“9·11”事件为分界线呈现较大不同。此前,国际石油市场相对较为平静,油价虽有波动,但波幅不大,与前年相比,基本上处于下行的态势。“9·11”事件后,国际市场油价产生了剧烈波动,成为1990年～1991年海湾战争以来震动最大的一次。起先,原油价格在恐慌的气氛中猛涨,作为市场基准价     

Making a Market for Sustainability: The Commodification of Certified Palm Oil

In the same way there are markets for carbon, there is now a market for sustainability. Ostensibly produced as a means of conserving land in South-East Asia, a commodity called ‘certified sustainable palm oil’ has been created by the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and exchanged on its own international trading platform completely independently of the flow of physical palm oil. In this way, sustainability has acquired a precise pecuniary value and can be bought by ‘socially responsible’ companies to offset their use of conventional and potentially environmentally destructive palm oil. This is yet another instance of the commodification of nature, but of a kind largely unexplored in the literature because it has emerged without formal governmental authority. What this case adds analytically to the study of capitalism and environmentalism is two-fold. First, what is commonly described as non-state, market-driven governance must now be seen as actively market-making. Second, rather than foreclosing politics by moving outside the state and within markets, the fragile authority of the RSPO has opened space for activists and other interest groups to challenge both the regulatory mechanisms and social purpose of primary commodity governance.     

建立石油期货市场的对策研究

石油价格波动给我国经济和企业发展带来了巨大的冲击和风险.在我国推出石油期货势在必行.本文结合实际,分析了当前我国建立石油期货市场所面临的突出问题,提出了若干对策.     

Crude Oil Futures as an Indicator of Market Changes: A Graphical Analysis

This study investigates the changing relationship between price and volume traded of short- and long-maturity NYMEX light sweet crude oil futures contracts and major changes in the physical crude oil market during the last decade. Monthly series for the #1-month to 84-month out maturity contracts are generated from daily price and volume data for NYMEX West Texas Intermediate (WTI) futures contracts for the period from January 2000 to the middle of 2009. 3-D graphical analysis of the futures prices, contract volumes, maturity dates, and time is used to demonstrate the changing trading volume pattern and evolution of the shape of futures price term structure across various contract maturities in different market regimes. The study observes the impacts of both May 2004, when excess production capacity reached nearly zero, and September 2006, when electronic trading was implemented on the NYMEX WTI futures markets. This analysis will be used to determine if futures contract information can provide an early indication of market regime shifts and improve short-run crude oil spot price forecast models.     

Fuel Efficiency Improvements: Feedback Mechanisms and Distributional Effects in the Oil Market

We study the interactions between fuel efficiency improvements in the transport sector and the oil market, where the efficiency improvements are policy-induced in certain regions of the world. We are especially interested in feedback mechanisms of fuel efficiency such as the rebound effect, carbon leakage and the “green paradox”, but also the distributional effects for oil producers. An intertemporal numerical model of the international oil market is introduced, where OPEC-Core producers have market power. We find that the rebound effect has a noticeable effect on the transport sector, with the magnitude depending on the oil demand elasticity. In the benchmark simulations, we calculate that almost half of the energy savings may be lost to a direct rebound effect and an additional 10% to oil price adjustments. In addition, there is substantial intersectoral leakage to other sectors through lower oil prices in the regions that introduce the policy. There is a small green paradox effect in the sense that oil consumption increases initially when the fuel efficiency measures are gradually implemented. Finally, international carbon leakage will be significant if policies are not implemented in all regions; we estimate leakage rates of 35% or higher when only major consuming regions implement fuel economy policies. Non-OPEC producers will to a larger degree than OPEC producers cut back on its oil supply as a response to fuel efficiency policies due to high production costs.     

New Evidence of Psychological Barrier from the Oil Market

The authors examine how stock returns were affected when the oil price reached the psychological barrier of US$100 per barrel for the first time in history. Using an event study approach, 4 key results emerge. First, the authors show that a psychological barrier event in the oil market does affect stock returns. Second, they show that a psychological barrier event in the oil market is a source of return drift—a phenomenon well explained and understood with respect to nonoil news events. Third, the psychological barrier affects small/medium-sized stocks and not large stocks. Last, the authors show that successful trading strategies can be devised based on the information that the oil price psychological barrier significantly impacts the market and that it contributes to return drift.     

长江流域桐油贸易格局与市场整合——以四川为中心

作为民国时期四川重要的出口物资 ,桐油在贸易数量和贸易格局上一定程度地反映着四川区域经济的特点。本文在前人研究的基础上引入海关贸易统计和日本人调查报告 ,从贸易格局、市场整合、政府干预等角度进一步探讨民国时期四川桐油贸易的历史全貌。     

Price Discovery and Risk Transfer in the Crude Oil Futures Market: Some Structural Time Series Evidence

This paper re-examines the Garbade and Silber (1983) model with the objective of finding out if the crude oil futures market performs the functions of price discovery and risk transfer. The model is estimated, using daily data, as a system of two seemingly unrelated time series equations allowing the coefficients to be time-varying. The empirical results reveal that the futures market performs about 60 per cent of the price discovery function, and that the elasticity of supply of arbitrage services is adequately high for the market to perform the risk transfer function.
(J.E.L: G13, C22).     

布伦特原油价格与美元指数的交互相关性分析

以北海布伦特原油的现货价格和美元指数为研究对象，探讨它们之间的交互相关关系。首先运用交互相关统计量定性地说明布伦特原油价格和美元指数之间存在交互相关关系。然后利用多重分形分析法对它们之间的交互相关性作定量的分析，证实了它们之间的交互相关性具有多重分形特征。同时运用MF-DFA方法对单个研究对象进行自相关分析。     

我国植物油籽在东亚市场上的竞争力研究

运用实证研究方法,从出口价格、产品质量、市场渗透程度三个方面对我国植物油籽在东亚市场上的竞争力进行评价。结果表明：目前,我国植物油籽竞争力在日本市场上较弱,在韩国市场上较强,需要依靠科技进步、绿色环保等方式来增强竞争力。     

How Much Did Oil Market Developments Contribute to the 2009 Recession in Germany?

In this paper, we use a structural vector autoregressive model to study the effects of oil market developments on the German economy. We find that higher oil prices are always associated with a decline in private consumption expenditures, but the response of gross domestic product (GDP) crucially depends on the underlying shock. While a disruption in oil supply provokes a recession, positive world demand shocks prompt a temporary increase in exports and investment, which initially outweigh the cutback on consumption. In a counterfactual analysis, we show that the world demand shocks that led to the 2007/2008 oil price rise triggered a delayed 0.8 percent decrease in German GDP in 2009, and therefore notably contributed to the recession of that year.     

竞争优势:从市场份额到市场空间

市场份额优势的建立是基于产品锁定，由此形成的竞争优势是非持久性的；而市场空间竞争优势的建立则是基于顾客锁定而形成的，由此形成的竞争优势难以模仿，而且还将随着时间的推移而不断增强。企业可通过建立适合自身条件的市场空间建立持久性竞争优势。     

试论房地产市场失效与政府规制

规制是指政府利用法规对市场进行的制约,是政府干预市场的手段之一。政府要对经济实行规制,主要的原因是因为存在着市场失效问题,如存在着私人部门不愿或不能有效生产和供应的公共物品,存在着垄断与自然垄断,存在着外部效应、信息不对称及不充分,以及存在着收入分配不合理等。     

一个具有双寡头垄断性质的三边贸易模型——以石油市场为例的国家福利实验模拟分析

中国作为大宗商品的国际大买家,争取国际定价权已经成为再也无法回避的问题.有鉴于此出,文章以石油为例,着重探讨石油定价战略选择的经济学机理,在一个具有双寡头垄断性质的三边贸易体系中,对OPEC和非OPEC石油输出国之间的博弈进行了一般均衡分析.根据模型设定参数及实验模拟发现,在Cournot双寡头垄断下,国家M的福利水平增加32.4%,而国家F的福利水平却下降0.8%.由此作出的解释是:与M相反,F是石油净进口国家,高油价和商品y较低的相对价格所产生的负面效应要大于闲暇带来的正面效应.此时,整个社会福利下降0.7%.石油在消费者效用函数中的权重较小时,石油生产的一个负向冲击对福利损失的影响非常有限.在F和M的纯策略集合{双寡头垄断,完全竞争,不生产石油}中,存在唯一的纳什均衡{完全竞争,完全竞争},这使得国家H和F从中获益.模型给人的启示是,除了尽快完善国家石油战略储备体系外,中国应积极参与到石油定价权的争夺中,改变目前完全被动承受油价变动影响的不利地位.     

Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from Crude Oil Market

Economic data is typically subject to a number of different forms of structural breaks. Ignoring structural breaks in a model can lead to misspecification issues and false conclusions. This paper proposes a new Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ADL) cointegration test in the presence of nonlinear breaks approximated by a Fourier function. The test offers a simple way to capture smooth structural change in time series data. Exact break dates are not required, and the suggested methodology can accommodate unknown number and form of gradual structural change. The testing procedure circumvents the potential power loss which can result from adding more dummy variables in the testing equation. Simulation results show that our procedure has good size and power properties. We demonstrate our test on the empirical example of real oil prices, oil production, and real economic activity, which are subject to structural breaks. The new test suggests that variables are cointegrated, while a conventional ADL test ignores structural breaks and concludes the opposite. This result casts some doubt on conventional oil price models.     

Market Rigidities and Labour Market Flexibility: An International Comparison

The effects of product and labour market rigidities on labour market dynamics are analysed using a panel of two-digit ISIC level data for seven OECD countries. As expected, employment protection was found to slacken labour market flows. Centralized wage bargaining also reduced the degree of job turnover, although a priori the effect of centralized wage bargaining on labour market flexibility is not clear. Industry subsidies have a positive impact on job reallocation by increasing job creation. The labour market dynamics are also compared in detail for two economies regarded as extremes in terms of regulations, the U.S. and Norway.     

期货市场与现货市场的试错联动分析——论期货市场功能

文章立足于社会试错成本的视角分析了期货市场功能,认为期货市场的主要功能之一是节约社会试错成本.现货市场在不断的试错和经济波动过程中导致社会资源出现无效配置,而期货市场可以通过社会试错成本的节约来降低现实市场中的实物资源配置的试错成本,以实现资源的最大节约.充分发挥期货市场在资源配置中的作用,有利于促进我国节约型社会的构建.     

可转债市场与标的正股市场:溢出效应分析

文章选用中证可转换债券指数来反映可转债市场的变动,自编股票指数来反映标的正股市场的变化。通过构建向量自回归模型、二元VAR-DCC-GARCH模型和二元VAR-BEKK-GARCH模型来研究两市的溢出效应。结果发现,两市存在双向的收益率均值溢出效应,可转债市场的均值信息传递占主导地位,具有较强的价格发现功能;可转债市场和标的正股市场存在时变的动态相关系数,相关程度在2017年之后出现了明显的上升,且趋向稳定,说明两市分割程度减小;两市存在双向的收益率波动溢出效应,但是标的正股市场对可转债市场的波动溢出效应更强。