The Theory of the Individual in Economics: Identity and Value

Fundamental to social provisioning is ensuring that community members have access to employment opportunities that pay living wages and sustain the environment. In a previous study, two of us (Underwood, Friesner and Cross 2014 Underwood, Daniel, Dan Friesner and Jason Cross. “Toward an Institutional Legitimation of Sustainability.” Journal of Economic Issues 48, 3 (2014): 870–885. [Google Scholar]) presented criteria for sustainable community economic development, a three-fold test to comparatively assess economic development policies: ecological holism, community centeredness, and institutional legitimacy. Applying this test generates an iterative, evolutionary process of economic development. Absent from these criteria is the concept of intention, as policy options are not “given,” but rather designed by self-interested groups to manipulate interpretations of these test criteria in advancement of their vested interests — outcomes which can be juxtaposed to the “interests of community.” Here, we integrate two additional principles: economic diversity and solidarity. Economic diversity emphasizes living wages in numerous industries to stabilize exogenous economic shocks. Solidarity, as a unit of socio-economic interdependence, stresses commonality of wellbeing within communities. Integrating solidarity and economic diversity into the criteria for sustainable community economic development improves policy design and outcomes that sustain the environment, while also providing living wage employment for community members.     

Brothers and Breadwinners: Legislating Living Wages in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Attention to the implicit and explicit wage theories articulated by economic actors and embedded in public policy reveals the underlying social norms and values in specific historical and industrial contexts. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), the first federal minimum wage legislation in the United States, legitimated and institutionalized the idea that living standards and workers' needs matter in setting wages. They matter not simply in generating labor supply, but as the basis for government intervention in market mechanisms. Rather than viewing market mechanisms and government regulations dichotomously, economic actors debating the FLSA treated both market mechanisms and socially defined living standards as legitimate elements of wage-setting. Wage regulations also, by necessity, must grapple with issues of identity, that is, which workers (especially as defined by class, gender, and race?–?ethnicity) are deserving of particular living standards. Debates over the language in the FLSA reveal the contested nature of masculinity during the period of economic crisis in the 1930s. Advocates responded by defining a multiplicity of living wages corresponding with different living standards, as well as a multiplicity of strategies for achieving them.     

上级家长式领导风格影响下属组织公正感的机制

本文用两个研究探讨了上级家长式领导风格影响下属组织公正感的机制。研究一以264名MBA学员为被试,采用2×2×2完全随机设计的模拟情境实验,研究了家长式领导对下属组织公正感的影响,结果表明:家长式领导能够影响下属的程序公正感、领导公正和领导解释,但对下属分配公正感没有直接影响。研究二在分析已有研究的基础上,提出了家长式领导影响分配公正感的中介模型,并基于428名企事单位员工的调查数据对假设模型进行了验证,结果表明:家长式领导通过程序公正感、领导公正、领导解释的中介作用影响下属的分配公正感,同时仁慈领导对下属的分配公正感有直接影响。最后,对研究的理论和实践意义作了探讨,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

云阳县经济林资源现状及持续发展策略

本文详述了云阳县经济林资源的现状、生产中存在的问题，根据云阳县不同的地形环境条件和适应商品经济的发展，提出了持续发展经济林木的策略。     

影子工资、影子收入与农户劳动供给——基于四川沐川县、安徽金寨县的调查分析

贫困地区就业的典型特征是自我雇佣,很少从事有酬劳动。如何在没有工资的情况下估计劳动供给行为就成为一个难题。在这种情况下,通过影子工资和影子收入来观察农户及其成员的劳动供给行为,为我们研究农户劳动力配置提供了一个有效的分析工具。本文利用Translog和C—D生产函数对四川省沐川县、安徽金寨县农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资率进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资率等因素对农户劳动供给的影响,结果表明该地区农户的影子工资与劳动时间之间是负向关系,闲暇对于男性和女性来说是劣质品,家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显,家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

论以转变经济发展方式为主线

以加快转变经济发展方式为主线,是适应国际经济环境新变化的迫切需要,是国内经济发展条件变化的客观要求,是现阶段中国经济发展的必然趋势。主线之所以要由经济结构调整转换为经济发展方式转变,其原因主要在于,调整优化经济结构的方式是经济发展方式的重要组成部分,转变经济发展方式包含调整优化经济结构。中国转变经济发展方式主要面临发展条件、发展阶段、制度和观念等方面的困难。需要正确处理经济增长、结构优化、深化改革、维持稳定与方式转变的关系,创造有利条件,促进中国经济发展方式的有效转变。     

浅谈恩施州经济林发展现状与对策

经济林发展速度快,具有投产早、见效快、周期短、效益好等特点,但这些特点又使经济林产业容易受到市场价格波动的冲击,发展势头时好时坏,严重影响到了林农的生产积极性与经济林产业的发展。在分析湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州发展经济林的资源优势、发展态势及存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了发展山区经济林产业相应的对策与建议。     

论生活质量

提高生活质量是全面建设小康社会的重要内容。小康社会的实现是通过生活质量的提高来完成的。生活质量包含着丰富的内容,是物质生活与精神生活的统一,同时也体现了社会生活环境与个人主观评价的结合。改革以来,我国人民的生活质量发生了深刻地变化。实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越,目前已经进入到追求生活质量的发展阶段,积极创造条件推进生活质量的提高,是全面建设小康社会的现实任务。     

经济增长过程中我国工资水平对产业结构升级的效应分析

经济增长过程中伴随着产业结构的优化升级,工资不但可以通过工资差异激励劳动力从低效率产业向高效率产业流动推动产业结构的升级,而且可以通过改变消费结构和投资结构进而影响产业结构的演变,并为产业结构升级储备高级人才.笔者对中国改革开放以来的工资与产业结构的相关数据进行实证研究后认为:工资与产业结构的优化升级之间是正相关关系,并且两者之间存在双向因果关系,而低工资阻碍技术创新,在一定程度上弱化了工资对产业结构升级的促进效应.     

中国自然保护区和国家森林公园对环境与社会的影响

本文论述了我国自然保护区发展的概况以及建设自然保护区所取得的经验及教训。认为通过监控资源利用强度、借助于经济诱导以及宣传、教育等制度安排,可以较好地发挥社区居民在自然保护方面的作用。协调社区居民利益与自然保护的关系。同时认为,现行的游离于社区经济之外的管理机构及体系,有进行改革的必要。     

广府文化生态与广东经济发展

广府文化是岭南文化的主要代表,本文试通过剖析广府文化的渊源和先进特征,分析其文化生态特质对广东经济发展环境产生的积极影响,从中寻找有益于提高文化软实力的经验启示。     

改善区域金融生态环境,促进区域经济发展

在市场经济条件下，良好的金融生态是金融体系功能充分发挥和经济可持续发展的基础条件，一个地区金融生态环境的好坏不仅影响地区货币政策传导、资源配置效率、金融稳定发展，而且决定着该地区对经济金融资源的吸引力，并最终决定区域经济增长的可持续性。     

西南边疆少数民族地区生态保护与经济发展的困境及对策——以云南怒江水电开发为例

怒江水能资源的开发之所以在怒江社会经济发展中占据重要地位,是由该地区资源富集与贫困长期交织的特殊性决定的。怒江蕴藏着世界级的矿产、水能和旅游资源,既是“三江并流”世界自然遗产的重要组成部分,又具有多姿多彩的民族文化风情。而在怒江这样一个自然资源富集,同时又是经济贫困与脆弱生态的复合地区,在开发旅游、矿业等其他产业缺乏支撑在短期内不可能发展起来的情况下,开发怒江水能资源不仅是国家能源优化配置的重要选择,也是加快怒江社会经济发展、改变当地经济与生态恶性循环的重要切入点。     

The Minimum Wage and the Cause of Democracy

Too often the minimum wage is conceived of as a small policy measure that will be of benefit to only a small segment of the labor market while imposing costs on another segment of the labor market. Unexplored, however, are the larger philosophic questions that such a small measure may actually raise. One such issue is the relationship between the minimum wage and democratic principles. In this paper I argue that the minimum wage furthers the ends of democratic society in that low-wage workers may achieve greater equality of standing with their piers to the extent that income inequality is at all lessened; their autonomy as individuals is enhanced through higher wages, which in turn enables them to claim the benefits of citizenship and participate more effectively in the democratic process; and it fosters greater economic development in that it raises the overall structure of a region and perhaps the productivity of that region.     

简论循环经济与生态农业发展的关系

循环经济的根本任务和根本要求是化解经济发展与生态环境之间的尖锐矛盾,生态农业的建设是循环经济在农村的具体体现,所以,发展循环经济是生态农业的本质要求,发展循环经济有利于改善农业生态环境.把握循环经济在生态农业的4R原则,关注循环经济在生态农业的关键环节和重点领域,探索循环经济在生态农业的合理框架和典型模式,是循环经济引领生态农业发展的关键.     

A regional analysis of flows into and out of the UK national minimum wage

This article utilizes the panel element of the UK Labour Force Survey (LFS) to identify for individual regions total inflows and outflows and hazards for those individuals paid at or below the National Minimum Wage (NMW). In particular, it examines the extent and direction of the correlation between low-pay inflows and outflows and the economic cycle. Further, it examines the impact of regional variations in the bite of the NMW on regional flows into and out of the NMW.     

以人为本的生态意蕴

以人为本是科学发展观的核心，它蕴含着丰富而深刻的生态思想。除了物质需要和精神需要外，人还具有基础性和复合性的生态需要；实现生态公平是解决当前生态危机的重要条件，人力资源的生态化是实现科学发展和建设高层次生态文明的核心所在。     

Off the Record: Reconstructing Women's Labor Force Participation in the European Past

Abstract

Conventional histories of women's labor force participation in Europe conceptualize the trends in terms of a U-shaped pattern. This contribution draws on historical research to challenge such an account. First, it demonstrates that the trough in participation is in part statistically manufactured by uncritical reliance on official sources that systematically undercount women workers. Second, it exploits nonstandard sources to construct alternative estimates of women's participation. Third, it analyzes the reconstructed rates to determine their congruence with neoclassical economics and modern empirical studies. Not all posited relationships time travel. Supply-side factors such as marital status and number and age of children are major determinants of modern women's decision to enter the labor force, yet appear less prominent in historical contexts. Instead, the demand for labor seems decisive. Finally, the U-shaped curve is not entirely a statistical artifact, but appears to evolve at higher levels of participation than usually suggested.