现阶段农村贫困群体贫困原因分析

现阶段农村贫困群体贫困原因主要有农村贫困群体老弱病残身体、家庭状况和能力等自身原因,此外还有劳动寻求不足和再就业机会缺失、农村基础设施薄弱、资金性贫困、社会资本缺乏、公共政策实施中的问题等原因。     

贫困度量指标

贫困是一种经济社会现象 ,一直伴随着人类社会的发展 ,世界各国研究贫困的学者们提出过各自不同的关于贫困的定义。汤森以及其他学者提出了贫困度量指标 ,Duclos在这些指标的基础上 ,引入了社会伦理判断这一规范因素 ,使得我们在评价贫因不能仅仅考虑贫困人口比率、平均贫困缺口、收入分配的不平等程度等客观因素 ,必须考虑不同社会或不同时期人们对贫困的主观判断。     

Relative Affluence and Child Labor—Explaining a Paradox

Some micro level empirical studies found child labor incidence increasing even with improvement in the economic conditions of the poor. This paper provides a possible explanation as to why increase in absolute income may not be sufficient to solve the problem of child labor. We argue that people in general are not just concerned about their own consumption; they are very much affected by the consumption of their peers. While taking decisions regarding the time allocation of their children between work and leisure, parents do keep an eye on their relative position in the society. We develop a theoretical model of household decision making to show that child labor supply from a poor family can increase even with improvements in its economic conditions, if the family's relative position in the society deteriorates and if the relative status effect is sufficiently strong.     

中国农村扶贫资金投入与贫困减少的经验分析

本文分别以中国官方贫困线和国际贫困线为标准,利用向量自回归模型就中国政府的农村扶贫资金投入和贫困减少的长、短期关系和Granger因果关系进行了经验研究。结果表明农村扶贫资金对农村贫困减少具有短期的促进作用,但效果不显著。从长期看扶贫资金抑制了农村贫困的减少,但这两者之间不存在Granger因果关系;经济增长与贫困之间的关系比较复杂,经济增长在减少农村贫困人口的同时,加重了贫困深度指数和贫困强度指数。因此,进一步完善农村扶贫资金运行机制、提高扶贫项目的瞄准性,对于解决中国农村贫困问题具有重大意义。     

The Gendered Nature of Poverty in the EU: Individualized versus Collective Poverty Measures

Due to the adoption of the household as a unit of analysis, researchers have failed to identify accurate measures of women's income poverty. This study proposes an individualized measure of European poverty to highlight gender differences in the economic crisis. Employing data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the period 2007–12, it compares the household-based at-risk-of-poverty rate (ARPR) and the individualized financial dependency rate (FDR). The study shows that the gender gap in poverty in Europe is considerably higher when computed through FDR. Indeed, since the ARPR constitutes a proxy of the household's average conditions, it levels down gender inequalities within the household and also variations in individuals’ incomes over time. Only more detailed data collection on intrahousehold resource sharing will possibly allow the development of more precise and realistic indicators of women's and men's risks of poverty and financial dependency.     

财政支出政策的减贫效应:相对贫困治理视角

为了厘清财政支出政策的减贫效应和作用机制,充分发挥政府支出工具治理相对贫困的积极作用,本文首先运用PSM方法验证了政府转移性支出扶贫效应和投资性支出的增收效应;其次,构建包含两类家庭的异质性动态一般均衡模型以揭示财政支出政策治理非李嘉图家庭相对贫困的经济机理;最后,构造"相对贫困指数"以评估财政支出工具治理相对贫困的动态效应.研究发现:积极的政府转移性(扶贫)支出政策具有迅速治理相对贫困的功效,但是对非李嘉图家庭工资收入存在"挤出"效应;虽然积极的政府投资性支出政策挤出私人投资,但能有效提升非李嘉图家庭就业和劳动收入,具有良好的相对贫困治理效应;积极的政府消费性支出政策会刺激短期需求、促进就业、拉动总产出增长,从而增加非李嘉图家庭收入、减少相对贫困,但是,长期而言会挤出居民消费,并且政策效应的持续性和有效性不及投资性支出.因此,"精准导向"的积极财政支出政策能够提升相对贫困的治理效果.     

多维贫困测量及述评简

贫困的测量是各国贫困研究关注的焦点,测量方法随着对贫困概念认识的深化不断变化。如何科学合理地对多维贫困指数进行筛选,成为多维贫困分析和测量的关键。研究发现,非公理标准下的多维贫困指数具有算法简单、操作方便等优点,但缺陷在于各维度间相关性较强且权重分配具有主观性;公理化标准下的多维贫困指数,虽然在指数维度加总问题上存在异议,但满足了大部分公理的要求,且测量结果更稳健。     

中国城镇主观贫困线测度

本文利用"中国转型时期城镇贫困测度与反贫困政策评估"课题组的最新调查资料,用交叉法和回归分析实际测算了7个代表性城市的主观贫困线.计算结果表明,主观贫困线和相对贫困线比较接近,说明计算结果是合理的;同时,主观贫困线远远高于当前城镇贫困人口的实际救助标准--"低保线",说明救助标准太低.因此,建议推广使用主观贫困线方法来识别城镇贫困人口,并以此作为"低保线"制订的参照值.     

The Impacts of Unemployment on Alternative Poverty Rates

The analysis uses March Current Population Survey data to estimate state-level cross-section/time-series models of the effects of the unemployment rate on alternative poverty rates. The measures include the official headcount rate, and alternatives based higher thresholds, revised equivalence scales and income defined as inclusive and exclusive of taxes and cash and in-kind transfers. The estimated effects turn critically on the measurement approaches, both for the total sample population and for four population sub-groups. For several alternative poverty rate measures, the unemployment rate has no significant impact on poverty. By contrast, real per-capita median earnings have strong and consistently negative effects on the poverty rates of all groups studied. The findings thus provide important lessons for researchers exploring the links between economic conditions and poverty, and for policy makers developing poverty reduction strategies.     

中国生态贫困的主体分析

基于CAS理论的视角,考虑相关数据,将对生态贫困产生影响的因素从四个方面进行分类,建立中国生态贫困影响因素测度指标体系框架,并运用eviews计量模型,从实证的角度对中国生态贫困的影响因素及形成机制进行分析.结果证明生态资本变化率对贫困变化率有着最为显著性影响,而且这种影响表现为二者之间存在负相关关系,即生态资本与贫困的相关变化率为负.合理经营生态资本,促进生态资本增值有利于生态贫困治理.